论康熙以“理”治国的理论与实践

On Emperor Kangxi's Ruling a Nation by Idealist Philosophy

在熊赐履等理学臣僚的影响下,康熙的理学思想形成。但是真正将理学付诸治国实践则与“三藩之乱”密切相关。康熙以“理”治国思想的内容主要体现于两个方面:一是将厚风俗、正人心视作国家长治久安和实现“敦庞之治”的根本途径;二是树立了“端本清源,源清流洁”的吏治与法治观念。汤斌受重用与被谴责的过程鲜明地体现了康熙对理学臣僚始而寄予厚望、终而大失所望的心态,也最终导致了他对以“理”治国思想的反思。

Emperor Kangxi＇s Idealist Philosophy was shaped under the influence of the ministers and officials （Xiong Cilu in particular） around him, but it was the Insurrections of the Three Monarches which urged him to put this philosophy into the ruling of the nation. Kangxi＇s ruling by Idealist Philosophy finds expression in the following two aspects： first, he stressed the establishment of mores and rectification of the public will, and regarded them as the fundamental approach to a nation＇s long term stability; second, he claimed that the headstream must be clarified so as to render the water flows clean. This claim runs through his administration of officials and his rule of the country by law. The rise and fall of Tang Bin reflects Kangxi＇s change of attitude towards the ministers and officials who believe in Idealist Philosophy： from expectations to disappointment, which in consequence urged him to rethink the effect of ruling a nation by Idealist Philosophy.