四卡问题解决中的匹配偏向再探

Matching Bias in the Selection Task

选取经典的四卡问题作为实验材料,深入探讨了“综合考虑证真证伪作用”的提示以及逻辑分析过程对被试解决四卡问题不能产生促进效应的原因。结果发现:(1)多数被试能对卡片P和-Q进行正确的逻辑推断,但是最后却仍然倾向于选择卡片Q而非-Q,这种错误并非是由于附加的认知任务使得被试的短时记忆容量超载所致。(2)元音偶数组与元音非偶数组的被试对四张卡片作出正确逻辑推断的人数百分比基本一致,但是后者选择P-Q的人数百分比却显著高于前者,这表明多数被试似乎并不依据逻辑分析的结果及其命题检验的规则来作出选择,而是采用匹配策略,错误地选择了Q卡片。

This article selected classical selection task and studied causes of having no effect on undergraduate cognitive process by providing the hint of ‘thinking syntheticaLly about the function of confirmation and negation＇ and analyzing the effect of every card in verification the proposition on resolving it. The results indicated that： （1） many subjects could deduce the function of card P and card- Q but they still selected the card Q. The reason of it was not that the additional cognitive tasks surcharged the capacity of subjects＇ working memory. （2） the percentage of correctly logical analysis of four cards were nearly same between the vowel - even number group and vowel - not even number group, but the latter＇s percentage of selection card P and - Q was significantly higher than front＇s . This suggested that many subjects selected card not by the results of logical analysis and rides of testing of proposition but selected card Q mistakenly according to matching bias.