不同供肥条件下水分分配对旱地玉米产量的影响

Effects of Water Supply Levels in Different Growth Stages on Maize Yield under Different Fertilizer Levels

通过盆栽试验和田间试验，研究了不同供肥条件下不同生育期水分状况对玉米产量的影响。结果表明，任何生育期的土壤干旱胁迫均会导致玉米减产，肥料供应充足时减产幅度较小；干旱胁迫越严重，肥料的这一作用越显著。无论正常供肥还是低肥，玉米对抽雄期土壤水分最敏感，防止这一时期干旱胁迫对保证玉米产量具有重要意义。拔节期是旱地玉米有限灌溉的另一个关键时期，水分的增产潜力很大，低肥时增加拔节期土壤水分供应效果更显著。玉米苗期并不耐旱，尤其是低肥时苗期干旱显著影响玉米的籽粒产量。在相对含水量45％～90％范围内。玉米产量随土壤含水量的增加而增加，但增加幅度与肥料供应和生育期有关。玉米获得最高产量的土壤水分条件与肥料供应密切相关，与正常供肥相比，低肥时所需土壤含水量较低。玉米增产的肥效大于水效，产量随肥料投入的增加显著提高，水分胁迫条件下增加肥料供应同样具有增产作用。肥料供应不足时水分的增产作用会受到限制。在现有的水资源条件下，提高肥料供应水平是旱地玉米增产的主要途径。

Maize growth and yield are sensitive to soil water. However, the effects are related to maize growth stages. Fertilizers supply may influence the effect of soil water in different growth stages on maize yield, but few reports have focused on it. The pot experiment and field experiment were conducted in the southern Loess Plateau. The purpose was to investigate effects of water supply levels in different growth stages on maize yield under different fertilizer levels. The pot experiment concerned soil water content in seedling stage, internode elongation stage, tasselling stage, filling stage and fertilizer levels. Soil water content includd five levels （45%, 60%, 75%, 90% and 105% of field capacity） while fertilizer included normal fertilizer level （NL： 0.4 g N·kg^-1 dry soil ＋ 0.2 g P2O5·kg^-1 dry soil） and low fertilizer level （LL： 0.2 g N·kg^-1 dry soil ＋ 0 g P2O5·kg^-1 dry soil）. The field experiment concerned irrigation in seedling stage （ X1 ）, internode elongation stage （ X2 ）, tasselling stage （ X3 ）, filling stage （ X4 ） and N fertilizer rates （ X5 ） . Irrigation water included five levels （0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mm）, and N fertilizer application also included five levels （0, 112.5, 225, 337.5 and 450 N kg/ha）. Maize yield of LL was significantly lower than that of NL whatever soil water content was. Maize yield of NL increased continuously with the increase of soil water content in the range of 45 % - 105 %. However, the yield of LL increased with the increase of soil water content and reduced when soil water content was more than 90 % in seedling stage, tasselling stage and filling stage. In internode elongation stage, the yield of both LL and NL increased continuously with the increase of soil water content in the range of 45% - 105% . In all the stages, maize yields under soil water content of 45% or 60% were lower, compared with that of 75% （control）. The yield reduction of NL was less than that of LL. Yield of the treatment with soil water content 45 % and 60% in tasselling stage was less than that in other stages whatever fertilizer level was, and that in seedling stage was more than that in tasselling stage but less than that in other stages. Maize biomass of LL was significantly less than that of NL despite of soil water content. In all stages, biomass of LL and NL increased continuously with the increase of soil water content in the range of 45% - 105%. For LL and NL, the biomass of the treatment with soil water content of 45 % and 60% in tasselling stage was less than that in other stages, and that in intemode elongation stage was more than that in tasselling stage but less than that in other stages. Biomass of LL and NL was greater under soil water content of 90% and 105 % than that of control in all stages. Two regression models were set up according to data of the field experiment, describing the relationship of maize yield （Ygrain） or biomass （ Ybiomass ） and irrigation water in seedling stage （ X1 ）, internode elongation stage （ X2 ）, tasselling stage （ X3 ）, filling stage （ X4 ） and N rate （ X5 ）.Ygrain= 12 473.4 ＋ 278.6X2 ＋ 585.4 X5 -427.4X4X5; Ybiomass = 24 321.8 ＋ 224.2X2 ＋ 315.2X3 ＋ 1346.3X5 -280.1X1^2 -468.3X2^2 - 198.2X3^2 -232.7X4^2 - 437.0X1X2 - 238.6X2 X3 - 601.9X4 X5 .The results indicated that soil drought in all stages of maize growth resulted in the reduction of maize yield. However, the yield reduction decreased by sufficient fertilizer supply, especially under severe drought. Maize yield was quite sensitive to water in tasselling stage, whatever fertilizers were applied. So it was very important for maize to avoid water stress during growing period. Internode elongation stage was another key stage sensitive to soil water in dryland. The increase of soil water content in the stage had more significant effect on maize yield when fertilizer was shortage. Drought in seedling stage also caused significant decrease of maize grain yield, especially when fertilizer was not sufficient. Maize yield increased with the increase of relatively soil water content in the range of 45% to 90%, but which was changed by fertilizer supply and different stages of maize growth. The increase of maize yield was contributed more by fertilizer than by water. The effect of water on maize yield was also limited when fertilizer was shortage. In the present situation, more fertilizer supply is the main way to increase crop yield in the Loess Plateau.