松嫩平原农牧交错区牧草资源特点及畜牧业发展

Characters of forage resources and the development of pastoral industry in the farming-pastoral zone of the Songnen Plain

以长岭县为例,对松嫩平原农牧交错区的牧草资源分布格局、牧草资源承载力和利用现状等进行分析。结果表明:放牧系统(草地林地农田组成)提供的牧草资源已不能满足当地畜牧业对牧草资源的需求。草地承载力仅占当前实际载畜量的16.6%,草地林地农田放牧系统承载力为实际载畜量的47.3%;作物秸秆转化为牧草资源的潜力巨大。经估算,作物秸秆占总牧草资源的78.3%,是当前畜牧业对牧草资源需求量的2.4倍。当前,农牧交错区牧草资源的粗蛋白含量普遍偏低,不能完全满足动物生长的需要,制约了当地畜牧业发展。根据当地畜牧业现状、牧草资源潜力,提出:应合理利用草地林地农田3个放牧子系统所提供的牧草资源,充分利用其它牧草资源,如作物秸秆;有计划地建立高产优质、富含粗蛋白的人工牧草基地,增加牧草粗蛋白含量,提高牲畜对牧草资源的利用效率(吸收率);充分有效地利用各种牧草资源,减轻草地放牧压力,实现畜牧业可持续发展与生态保护的协调统一。

In the farming-pastoral zone of the Songnen plain, grazing system was composed of grassland, plantation and farmland. Graminaceous plants with 6% - 7% crude protein were the main component of forage. Grassland as the traditional grazing pasture had been heavily exploited, resulting in severe degradation, desertifieation and alkali-salinization. Grassland yield had been decreased, and the forage resources provided by grassland was only 16.6% of the total real needs of forage resources. The total grazing resources provided by grassland, plantation and farmland was only 47.3 % of total forage resources of real needs, so that they could not satisfied the needs of development of pastoral industry in the area. For the total available forage resources, crop stalk was accounting for 78.3 % total available forage resources and 2.4 times of the real needs of total forage resources. Although the yield of crop stalk was large, its crude protein content was about 2% - 6% and was constraint to feed livestock directly. Studies showed that crop stalk as unconventional forage, could be good forage by fermentation-treated, ammonifieation-treated, and salt-treated. However, at present, pastoral industry was still mainly depended on grazing resources in the farming-pastoral zone of the Songnen Plain. In fact, livestock was additional feed by crude or shivered crop stalk when forage resources was serious shortage. Totally, the major problems for industry development were shortage of forage resources, especially for good-quality forage resources, and irrational utility of forage resources, Accordingly, in order to the sustainable development of pastoral industry and the sustainability of ecology, economy and society, it is encouraged for people to rationally exploit all kinds of available forage resources, especially crop stalk, and to establish high-production artificial grassland and produce the good-quality forage. These would decrease the pressure of natural grazing space and make the probability of protection or improvement of the degraded grassland ecosystem. Finally, to establish house-herding husbandry based on varieties of forage resources, such as artificial grassland, natural pasture and crop stalk, will be the development objective of pastoral industry in the farming-pastoral zone of the Songnen Plain.