明代塾师的社会构成及其演变——兼论民间教育人力资源的社会配置与优化问题

The Component and Evolution of SHUSHI in Ming Dynasty

明代塾师的社会构成,并非“落魄书生”即可一言以概之的。它是一个涵盖了“退闲官僚”、“儒士”、“举人监生”、“儒学生员”与“科举童生”的多种身份并存的职业群体。随着明代社会之变迁,塾师的社会构成也发生了一定程度的演变,“退闲官僚”、“儒士”与“举人监生”的日渐淡出,使“儒学生员”日渐在塾师群体中占据了主导地位。这种社会构成的演变,虽在一定程度上导致了塾师群体文化素养的相对下降,但从人才梯级培养的角度来看,在很大程度上也不能不说是明代社会自身对民间教育资源所进行的一种“物尽其用、人尽其才”的有效配置与优化。

The component of SHUSHI included the retired official, RUSHI, JUREN, JIANSHENG, SHENGYUAN and TONGSHENG. With the development of society, the retired official, RUSHI,jUREN and JIANSHENG began to depart from SISHU and become the teacher of SHUYUAN, so SHENGYUAN become the most important component part of SHUSHI. The component＇s evolution of SHUSHI was the inevitable result of social disposition of educational resources, and benefited to train men for profession in Ming times.