试论考古类型学的逻辑与原则

On the Logics and Principles Employed by the Archaeological Typology

类型学作为认识工具,只涉及科学发现与检验的原理和逻辑,并不涉及具体事实。考古类型学由分型和分式两部分构成,分型即分类,分式即排序。本文借《元君庙仰韶文化墓地》和《试论殷墟文化分期》两篇论著,以集合论的原理和知识说明分类的逻辑,得出穷尽性、排他性、同一性三条原则;以函数的思想说明排序的逻辑,得到同一性原则。

Typology is a system of groupings which are usually called types. Types are identified by postulating specified attributes that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. As a type deals with only one kind of attribute, typologies can be used for the study of variables and of transitional situations by means of classification and ordination, which are used to identify ＂Xing＂ and ＂Shi＂ in archaeological studies. In this article 1 analyzed two articles published in 1960s, and argued the principles of classification by set theory and of ordination by function theory.