中国古代城市中聚居制度的演变及特点

Development of the settlement institutions in the Chinese ancient cities

中国早在奴隶制社会时期的周朝，就产生了城邑营建的指导理论，即周礼中的营国制度，并由此形成了城邑中聚居制度的初始形式—闾里制。其后，在漫长的历史进程中，社会文明的发展促使城邑和城市中的聚居制度不断演变。从秦汉的闾里制，经隋唐的里坊制，再到两宋的坊巷制，聚居制度从早期以社会政治功能为基础逐渐转变到以社会经济功能为基础。这一转变适应了当时社会经济发展的需要，表明了古代社会文明的一个伟大进步。

The earliest guidline for the city construction emerged 2 500 years ago,during the Zhou Dynasty. Being based on this guidline,the primitive pattern i. e. Lulizhi (a closed quarter for inhabitant) of the settlement institution in city was formed. Afterwards,the social civilization promoted the settlement institution to be unceasingly changed n the course of history:from the Lulizhi pattern of the Qin and Han Dynasties, via the Lifangzhi pattern of the Sui and Tang Dynasties,to the Fangxiangzhi pattern of the Northern and the Southern Song Dynasties. The settlement institution was transformed to setting the economical function as the social function instead of the political function. This reform then met the social requirements and indicated a great progress in the Chinese ancient cities.