明代食盐贸易与边防边垦

Salt Trade and, Frontier - defense, Cultivation in the Ming Dynasty

明朝建立以后,朝廷将国防重点放在了北部边疆,强调“九边”(甘州、固原、宁夏、延绥、大同、宣府、蓟州、辽东、山西三关各镇)防务,当然也不放松东南沿海和西南边陲的防备。统治者除了采取政治的、军事的各种手段进行边疆管理之外,还运用了市场管理的经济措施——控制食盐贸易的办法来加强北部边疆和沿海地方的军事建设。朝廷以强制性的方式调整和确定商税的缴纳内容和程序,以期通过盐商的纳税行为来减轻国家财政压力,并达到为边疆军事服务之目的。其管理活动较为成功,在很大程度上收到了预期的效果。

After the foundation of the Ming Dynasty, the Court stressed the national defense to northern frontier and emphasized defense of nine frontier regions such as Ganzhou, Guyuan, Ninxia, Yansui, Datong, Xuanfu, Jizhou, Liaodong and towns of Sanguan in Shanxi and in the same time they also stressed frontier defense of coast of south-east and south-west. The dominators adopted all political and martial means manage border areas and they also used economical measures of marketing management way of controlling common salt trade to strengthen the construction of northern frontiers and native coastal military affairs. The Court compellingly confirm contents and procedure of paying tax in order to lighten national financial press through rate paying behavior of merchants. At last, the action arrived at aim for the service of frontier affairs. Its management movement was comparatively succeed and a very good effective was achieved.