话语权力的不平等关系:语用学与社会学研究

Pragmatic and Societal Approaches to the Asymmetry of Power

交际双方的地位不同,对话语的控制程度也不相同;话语权力关系的不平等构成话语研究的一个重要课题。根据Voloinov将社会组织结构划分成直接情景和社会情景的论述,对语用学家Austin,Searle,Thomas和社会学家Foucau-lt,Bourdieu关于话语权力关系的研究进行分析讨论,发现语用学从直接语境出发,视话语权力为个体行为,强调话语与权力的对应规则和话语权力关系的永久不变;社会学从社会语境出发,视话语权力为机构行为,强调话语权力的隐蔽性和变化性。对比分析语用学和社会学对话语权力关系的研究,可更清晰地认识话语权力的本质特征。

Asymmetry of power between agents in verbal communication constitutes a key topic in discourse studies. Approaches to the study of power relationship in discourse are varied in perspectives. Drawing upon Volo?inov’s classification of social organization into immediate situation and social milieu, this article identifies pragmatic approach that sees power relationship as individual, linguistic and unchangeable and societal approach that sees it as institutional, covert and changeable. The overview of the micro-pragmatic approach and the macro-societal approach to power is expected to lead to a better understanding of features of power.