国外航空风险管理方法及绩效的循证评价——医疗风险系列研究之一

Evidence-based Evaluation on the Overseas Aviation Risk Management and Its Performance

目的循证评价国外航空风险管理的经验及其对医疗行业的借鉴意义.方法计算机检索SCO-PUS（1969～2006）等相关数据库及网站,辅以手工检索,全面收集有关航空风险及其管理的历史沿革、经验、模型及航空风险与医疗风险关系的文献.结果与医疗同为高技术,高风险,高专业性行业的航空业现已形成从信息收集到分析、处理的一整套风险管理体系,在实践中形成了独具特色的信息报告系统、提供了各种切实可行的风险分析工具和模型,尤其强调系统层面建设.结论我国医疗行业可以结合自身特点：①借鉴航空业的成功经验,建立针对事件和小差错的报告系统,但必须构建与其相适宜的管理机制和法律环境,并可选择高风险科室与部门进行试点.②借鉴航空业团队资源管理（CRM）的教程和模式,注重非技术技能的训l练.③针对人为因素的作用,加强医护人员外部环境的建设.④建立风险数据库,科学总结和分析,更好地使用前瞻性风险分析工具.⑤各医疗单位可以先借鉴航空业成熟的安全文化评估工具进行自评,找出差距后学习航空业构建安全文化的种种措施.

Objective To provide reference for medical risk management by systematically reviewing the hterature on aviation risk management abroad. Methods We searched the SCOPUS database and related websites, and handsearched related journals, for literatures on the history, experience, and models of aviation risk management, and their relationship to medical risk management. Rationale and method of evidence-based science were used to appraise and analyze the included hterature. Results Aviation and medical industry were both with the characteristics of high technology, high risk, and high professional. The aviation risk management system including the unique information reporting system, risk analyzing tools and models covered the whole process of information collecting, analyzing and managing, and with the emphasis on systematical construction. Conclusions Medical risk management in China should base on its own characteristics, taking the following experiences from aviation risk management into account： （1） establishing incident and shght ~fistake reporting system, with management mechanism and legal support. Pilot experiments should be practiced in high-risk department; （2） developing a training model hke Crew Resources Management（ CRM）, emphasizing non-technical skills training; （3） reinforcing staff and environment management for the control of human-origin risk; （4） constructing database for better information collection and analysis, developing and using perspective analyzing tools; （5） assessing the safety culture of medical organization with the tools used by aviation industry, and taking the experience of aviation safety culture construction.