天津湿地蛾类丰富度和多样性及其环境评价

Species richness and diversity of moth communities in Tianjin Wetlands;implications for environmental management

天津海拔较低,在华北属湿地资源比较丰富的地区之一,是亚太地区鸟类迁徙路线的一个重要环节,也是白枕鹤、丹顶鹤等濒危鸟类迁徙过程中的一个重要的停歇地。为了研究清楚天津湿地昆虫的种类及其动态规律,为湿地的研究和保护利用服务,选取了鸭淀、团泊洼、北大港水库、七里海和独流减河大港段为样地以诱集夜间活动的昆虫为主,对天津湿地蛾类的群落生态学进行了研究,取得如下进展:(1)首次全面系统地研究了天津湿地蛾类的多样性,确定天津湿地有蛾类22科186属259种。其中以夜蛾科最多(58属85种),草螟科次之(39属60种),卷蛾科(16属28种)、螟蛾科(20属23种)、尺蛾科(14属15种)的种类也较多,生物多样性丰富。(2)所诱集的蛾类种类及个体数,以微软的Excel列表、计算及作图,进行蛾类群落的种-多度曲线、多样性指数、均匀度与多样性指数的关系以及蛾类群落的聚类(群落系数、欧氏距离)和排序(极点排序、主分量分析)等研究分析,结果表明:鸭淀和七里海的种-多度曲线表现为对数正态分布模型,而团泊洼、北大港水库和独流减河大港段的种-多度曲线多变,但总的趋势比较接近于对数级数模型,即生态位优先占领假说。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、种间相遇机率(PIE)、物种丰富度(lnS)均为七里海>团泊洼>鸭淀>北大港水库>独流减河大港段,而均匀度(E)则为七里海>鸭淀>团泊洼>北大港水库>独流减河大港段。群落的聚类和排序表明蛾类群落的相似性依次为“七里海-团泊洼-鸭淀-北大港水库-独流减河大港段”。通过研究分析得出七里海与鸭淀的湿地环境质量较好,但有退化的趋势。团泊洼、北大港水库、独流减河大港段的湿地环境不稳定,退化严重。并分析了造成这些结果的原因,提出了合理的保护和利用的建议。

Wetland ecosystems are a special soil resource that serve water cycling while maintaining specialized habitats for various plants and animals. In such systems insects serve as an important food source for insectivores such as birds. Lower in altitude, Tianjin has important wetlands, which are indispensable areas of the flyway for the Asia-Pacific migratory birds as well as a temporary habitat for endangered migrating birds such as Grus vipio and G. japonensis. The present study of the wetlands of Tianjin was done from June 2001 to October 2002 in order to document the species richness and diversitly of moth communities, to gain insights into the dynamics of this community, and to provide information for protecting this region. Sample locations included Yadian, Tuanbowa, North Dagang reservoir, Qilihai, and the Dagang reaches of Duliujian River, and involved sampling two nights per month with an ultraviolet-light trap. The results are as follows： A total of 259 moths belonging to 186 genera in 22 families have been identified, high in richness of biodiversity. Noctuidae is the major family in quantity. Crambidae, Tortricidae, Pyralidae and Geometridae are also abundant year around. The moth communities of the wetlands in Tianjin have been analyzed, by using the curve of the moth community species-abundance, the indices of diversity, the connection of the evenness and the indices of diversity, the results of clustering （coefficient of community and Eucldean distance） and ordination （polar ordination and principal components analysis）. The results reveal that the species rank abundance of moths of Qilihai and Yadian fits a log- normal model. But in Tuanbowa, North Dagang reservoir and the Dagang reaches of Duliujian river the moth fit a niche-preemtion model. The diversity indices （H^1）, probability of interspecific eucounter （PIE） and specific richness （INS） was Qilihai 〉 Tuanbowa 〉 Yadian 〉 North Dagang reservoir 〉 Dagang reaches of Duliujian river. However, the evenness （E） was Qilihai 〉 Yadian 〉 Tuanbowa 〉 North Dagang reservoir 〉 Dagang reaches of Duliujian river. And the order that the results of clustering and ordination was Qilihai-Yadian-Tuanbowa-North Dagang reservoir-Dagang reaches of Duliujian river. The conclusion is that the environmental quality in Qilihai and Yadian is higher and more stable compared to those in Tuanbowa, North Dagang reservoir and the Dagang reaches of Duliujian river, the latter being relatively unstable and under significant interference from human activities. Recommendations with respect to protection and rational use of the wetlands are provided.