社会转型与工人阶级的再形成

The Social Transformation and Reformation of Chinese Working Class

从波兰尼所谓“大转变”、特别是布洛维所谓“第二次大转变”的观点来看待当代社会主义国家的市场转型,形成了“新古典的社会学”与“社会学的马克思主义”两条不同的学术路线。前一条路线关注精英,后一条路线关注工人阶级和底层社会在社会转型期的历史命运。在中国社会,由于转型起点上社会制度安排的不平等,市场社会意义上的中国工人阶级可能沿着两条不同的道路被塑造成型,社会学的“劳工研究”的理论传统中现存的两大理论模式,即“马克思模式”和“波兰尼模式”,分别对“农民工”和原国有企业工人如何形成为市场社会中的工人阶级提供了有效的理论透镜。借助于这些理论透镜,可以重建对“农民工”的整个研究问题并将之纳入阶级形成的框架中。最后,布洛维的“工厂政体”概念,可能为对转型期工人阶级再形成过程进行具体的、以生产过程为中心的民族志研究,提供一个理论和方法论的立足点。

If we adopt the view of K.Polanyi's so-called “great transformation', especially M. Burawoy's so called “the second great transformation' to look at the market transformation in contemporary communist societies, there formed two different academic routes“neoclassic sociology' and “sociological marxism'. The first route focuses on elites while the second route concerns about the historical destiny of working class and underclass in the social transition. In China, due to the inequalities of institutional arrangement on the starting point of transformation, Chinese working class might be reshaped in two different ways in terms of market society. There are two theoretical models of “labor study' in sociological theoretical tradition, namely “Marx model' and “Polanyi model', which provide effective theoretical perspective on how “migrant workers' and “state-owned enterprise workers' form the working class in market society. Assisted by these theoretical lenses, we can reconstruct the research problem of “migrant workers' and bring them into the framework of class formation. Finally, Burawoy's concept of “factory regime' might offer a theoretical and methodological stance to make specific, manufacture process centered ethnographic research on working class formation in the transformation era.