“东干语”音素文字及其词式书写的启发——汉语语言规划在中国境外的成功范例

The Enlightenment of Phonemic Character and the Word Type Writing of "Donggan Language"to the Language Planning of Chinese——The Study of Donggan Language in the Central Asia

“东干语”是由于战争移民的原因在中亚独立发展了120多年的汉语西北方言,有10多万使用者,有50年使用音素文字的历史。目前,对东干语的研究主要是描写和比较语言系统事实。本文在事实的基础上探讨汉语音素文字和词式书写的语言规划理论与实践中的经验及教训。它给我们的主要经验是:(1)汉语可以使用表音文字中的音素文字。(2)汉语可以实行词式书写,汉语中可以找到词。(3)民族语言必须有文字才方便教育和扩大功能。(4)设计音素文字必须先选择一种主要方言做共同语。(5)汉语音素可以突破音素化汉字注音方案的整齐性。它给我们的主要教训是:(1)汉语是声调语言,设计汉语的音素文字不能忽视声调。(2)正词法在实践中肯定会出现分歧,但是要不断统一规则。(3)汉语和俄语等语言不同,特有的语气词、助词应该独立书写,不应该像俄语等语言那样当做词尾处理。

＂Donggan language＂ is a Northwest dialect of Chinese. Because of the war immigrant it has developed about 100 years independently in Central Asia. It has more than 100, 000 users at present, and it has the phonemic character for 50 years. The research of Donggan language at present is mainly to describe and compare the fact of language system. This paper probe into Chinese phonemic character and word type language writing, and the experience and lesson in the theory and practice of language planning on the basis of fact. First, main experience are as follows： （1） Chinese can use the phonemic characters. （2） Chinese can write from word to word , can be found words. （3） National language must have characters to be convenient to educate and expand the function. （4） Must choose a kind of main dialect to do the common language first while designing the phonemic characters. （5） Chinese phoneme characters can break through the neatness of the phonetic annotation of Chinese characters. Second, main lessons are as follows： （1） Chinese is a tone language, the phonemic characters of Chinese can＇ t ignore the tone. （2） Straight morphology is certain to present difference in practice, but it will be unifying the rule constantly. （3） Such languages as Chinese and such languages as Russian are different. Modal particle, auxiliary word in Chinese should be written independently as words, and it should not be regarded as the postfix of Russian.