长期定位施肥小麦的肥料利用率研究

Long-term Effect of Fertilization on Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Wheat in Soil

以豫麦13、郑太育1号、临汾7203、郑州941、豫麦47、郑州8998、郑麦9023等7个小麦品种为试验材料，通过15年9个不同施肥方式的长期定位试验，研究了小麦对氮磷钾肥的当季和累积利用率。结果表明．在施氮量相同（165kgN／hm^2）情况下，化肥处理中NPK和NP处理小麦的氮、磷利用率最高，分别为70．3％和68．4％及48．3％和46％，是最佳施肥配合;非氮磷配合的其他化肥处理（N、NK、PK）的小麦对肥料的利用率均最低，其中氮、磷的利用率为负值。玉米秸秆还田（SNPK）条件下小麦对氮、磷的利用率高于有机无机肥配施处理；小麦-大豆轮作中小麦的肥料利用率略高于小麦-玉米轮作;肥料用量愈大，肥料利用率愈低，MNPK处理的N、P、K平均当季利用率分别是1．5MNPK处理的1．2、1．4和1．1倍.NP、NPK、MNPK、SNPK处理的肥料利用率有累加效应，其中氮肥第1～5年累积较快，6年后稳定在48．9％～70％；磷肥15年一直累积，1～8年累积速度快，9年后较慢;钾肥1～5年累积较快，5～7年波动，8年后稳定在35％～39％。

15-year-Long-term fertilization experiments with 7 wheat varieties（Yumai 13, Zhengtaiyu 1, Linfen 7203, Zhengzhou 941, Yumai 47, Zhengzhou 8998, Zhengmai 9023） in Fluvo-aquic soil were started in research farm in Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. We evaluated 10 treatments comprised of various fertilization including fertilizers, manure, maize straw on fertilizer use efficiency （FUE） in wheat-maize and wheat-soybean rotations. The results showed that at the same nitrogen applied rate, the NFUE and PFUE of wheat were the highest,70. 3% and 68.4%,48.3% and 46%respectively in NP, NPK fertilization treatments which were the most optim, um. In other treatments without nitrogen and phosphate combination, NFUE were very low and PFUE or KFUE were negative. NFUE and PFUE in SNPK treatment were higher than that in MNPK treatments. With the increasing of the amount of manure and fertilizer applied, the FUE decreased. The FUEs had accumulated effect in NP,NPK, MNPK, SNPK treatments, the NFUE accumulated quicker in the first 5 years, then stabled at 48.9%-70%, PFUE accumulated quicker in the first 1-8 years, then varied slowly; KFUE accumulated quicker in the first 1-5 years, varied during 6-8 years then stable at 35%-39%, thus, It takes at lest 5 years of located fertilization experiments to know FUE exactly.