批判与高扬——析席勒在宗教观上的矛盾及其原因

Criticism and Praise——Contradiction in Schiller's Religious Outlook and Reasons

席勒的思想中,存在着对宗教的批判和赞扬的矛盾。席勒相信人的自由和美德及神的存在,世俗的宗教压抑人的自由,所以受到席勒的批判,而作为审美假象的游戏的宗教,对人性的和谐起着导向作用,因而受到席勒的赞美。在席勒看来,人性的和谐并不是审美教育的完成,真正自由的人必须具有道德修养,这需要借助于崇高。而代表人类神性的宗教,作为一种典型的崇高,实现了人类的自由、美德及神性的统一,对人类的精神起着提升作用,因而得到席勒的充分肯定。以人性的完善为准绳,席勒批判否定人性完善的世俗宗教,赞扬肯定人性完善的神性宗教,这就是他在宗教观上产生矛盾的原因。

In Schiller＇s thinking, there is a contradiction： he sometimes criticizes religion and sometimes praises it. He believes that freedom, human virtues and God do exist. He criticizes the secular religion for it oppresses the freedom of human being; meanwhile, he praises religion as an aesthetic illusion of games, because it plays a directive role in re-harmonizing divisive humanity. According to him, the re-harmonizing of divisive humanity is not the result of aesthetic education. Apart from such education, a free man must have moral edification motivated by sublimity. Religion, which embodies human being＇s divine nature as a typical form of sublimity, realizes the unification of freedom, virtues and the divine nature of human beings, and purifies human soul. Therefore, Schiller praises it. in terms of the perfection of humanity, Schiller criticizes the secular religion because of its denial of the perfection of humanity, and praises the divine religion that advocates it. As a result, Schiller＇s outlook of religion is self-contradictory.