话语分析理论及其在心理学研究中的应用

Theory of discourse analysis and its application in psychology

目的:话语分析作为一种横跨哲学、人类学、社会语言学、结构-功能语言学和心理学等多个学科的研究方法,对社会科学领域产生了深远的影响;为此作者从话语分析的假设、研究对象、方法和哲学基础方面进行阐述,旨在探讨话语分析在心理学研究中的实用潜力和应用价值。资料来源:应用计算机检索电子数据库(EBSCOhost1992/01-2005/12、ProQuestResearchLibrary1985/01-2005/12、KluwerOnline1996/01-2005/12、ElsevierSDOL1995/01-2005/12)中关于话语分析的文章和图书,检索词“DiscourseAnalysis;psychology;clinicalpsychology;constructionalism等”,并限定语言种类为English;同时应用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1994/01-2005/06以及超星数字图书馆关于话语分析的文献,检索词“话语分析;临床心理学;社会心理学;建构主义等”并限定语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,纳入标准:详细阐述话语分析的假设、研究对象、任务、方法和哲学基础以及话语分析在心理学研究中的应用的文献。排除标准:重复性研究,并筛除诸如语用学、语法学、语义学、文艺理论研究或文艺批评、言语适应理论研究、翻译学等相关内容的文献。资料提炼:共收集到关于话语分析的外文文献89篇,中文文献32篇。涉及话语分析的假设、研究对象、任务和方法的有39篇,社会建构论和批判理论28篇,批判性话语分析34篇,话语分析的应用20篇。排除99篇重复文献,纳入22篇用于综述。资料综合:语言作为一个建构性的工具是话语分析的核心假设之一。语言的使用者是从所有可利用的语言资源中作选择,并用这些资源来建构对事件的描述。话语分析的研究对象是“话语”,即在内容和结构上具有一定程度的一致性、并在界定了的社会背景中广泛地执行建构功能的语言材料的组合。话语分析在实际运用中的方法多样、灵活,没有一套固定的正式程序来指导,是一组分析的策略。话语分析已经在社会心理学以及临床心理学、心理健康等领域中的广泛应用。结论:话语分析作为一种横跨多个学科的研究方法,在社会心理学范畴内普遍运用之后,其理论和技术日渐成熟,并应用于临床心理学、犯罪心理学、心理健康等领域,尤其是精神病和神经症的治疗;在心理学研究中应用价值大,发展前景广阔。

OBJECTIVE： Discourse analysis is a kind of research method which bestrides multiple subjects of philosophy, anthropology, sociolinguistics, structure-function linguistics and psychology etc, and it affects the social science enormously, so this paper clarified the hypothesis, subject, purpose, method and philosophy basis of discourse analysis in order to probe into the value of the potential and application of discourse analysis in psychological research, DATA SOURCES： An overall retrieval for English materials on discourse analysis between January 1992 and December 2005 on EBSCO host, between January 1995 and December 2005 on ProQuest Research Library, between January 1996 and December 2005 on Kluwer Online and between January 1995 and December 2005 on Elsevier SDOL, the keywords were ＂discourse analysis, psychology, clinical psychology, constructionalism＂. Meanwhile, Chinese materials about discourse analysis puhlished between January 1994 and June 2005 on China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and super star digital library with the same keywords in Chinese. STUDY SELECTION： The data were checked firstly. Inclusive criteria： articles explained in detail the hypothesis, subject, purpose, method and philosophy basis of discourse analysis, and the applications of dist：ourse analysis in psychological research. Exclusive criteria： the repeated researches and the articles involved linguistics, research of literature theory, literature comment and interpretation researches etc. DATA EXTRACTION： Totally 89 English materials and 32 Chinese materials about discourse analysis were collected, there were 39 materials referred to the hypothesis, object, purpose, method of discourse analysis, 28 to the social constructionalism and critical theory, 34 to critical discourse analysis and 20 to the applications of discourse analysis. Totally 99 repeated articles were deleted, and 22 were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS： As a constructional instrument, language is one of the core, hypotheses of discourse analysis. The language users select the useful information from all of the language resources and utilize the information to construct the description of ＂things＂. The object of discourse analysis is ＂discourse＂, it is the combination of language materials, which has consistency in content and structure to some extent and performs the function of constructing widely in the limited social surroundings. The method of discourse analysis is flexible and multiple in practice. Discourse analysis is directed by a series of strategies of analysis instead of a set of fixed and formal procedure. Discourse analysis has been widely applied to the areas of social psychology, clinical psychology and mental health, etc. CONCLUSION： As a kind of the research method which bestrides multiple subjects, discourse analysis has been applied to the area of social psychology commonly, and its theory and technology have been developed gradually. Many researchers have applied discourse analysis to clinical psychology, criminal psychology and mental health etc,, especially the therapy of psychopathy and neurosis. Discourse analysis has great value of application in psychology research and has expansive foreground of development.