运动员心理挫折状态的相关因素及其分析

Related factors of psychological frustration in athletes

目的:分析运动员心理挫折产生的原因、受挫后的反应以及缓解与消除心理挫折的方法。资料来源:查阅了有关管理心理学和运动心理学的书籍10多本,以此作为论述的理论基础。资料选择:认真阅读有关论述心理挫折的主要章节,并结合体育实践选择和确定论述的基本内容。资料提炼:在选择分析的基础上,提炼5本专著中的主要观点用于揭示运动员心理挫折状态的本质特征与规律,探讨克服心理挫折的方法。资料综合:心理挫折的致因错综复杂,受多种因素影响;引起运动员心理挫折的原因,外在因素包括自然环境、社会环境;内在环境包括生理条件、心理因素、动机间的冲突以及能力与期望的矛盾。由挫折引起的心理防御行为表现尤为突出。挫折具有两重性,消极性反应大于积极性;应根据引起心理挫折的外在因素和内在因素加以实施克服心理挫折的方法。结论:要克服心理挫折状态应加强思想教育,正确认识和理解挫折的两重性,提高对挫折的知觉判断,不断改善心理环境,培养对挫折的容忍力等。

OBJECTIVE： To analyze the reasons for the occurrence of psychological frustration in athletes, the responses after frustration, and the ways to relieve and dispel the psychological frustration. DATA SOURCES： Over 10 books on the managerial psychology and sport psychology were consulted as the theoretical basis of the discussion. STUDY SELECTION： The most important chapters and sections about discussion on psychological frustrations were read carefully, and the sport practice was combined to select and decide the main materials of this paper. DATA EXTRACTION： After chosen an analysis on the materials and extracted some main viewpoints from 5 monographs and use them to reveal the essential features and the law, and then try to find the ways to overcome it. DATA SYNTHESIS： The reasons which cause psychological frustration in athletes are intricate and the frustration can be influenced by many factors. The reasons causing psychological frustration in athletes include external factors, such as natural environment and social environment; and internal factors, such as physiological conditions, psychological factors, the conflicts between motives, and the contradictions between ability and expectation. And the psychological defense behavior which caused by psychological frustration is very common and serious. Such frustration has dual natures and the passive responses are greater than the active ones. So the ways used to overcome the reverse should be according to the external and internal factors. CONCLUSION： In order to overcome the state of psychological frustration, we should better enhance ideological education and deepen understanding for the dual nature of frustration, and also improve the perceptual judgment to frustration and improve the psychological environment and in such case to develop athlete＇s abilities to tolerate the frustration.