语言与民族识别问题

Language and Ethnic ldentification

通过研究20世纪五六十年代在中国进行的民族识别工作,并讨论语言、民族和认同的关系。经过这次民族识别,中国民族最终形成1(主体民族汉族)+55(少数民族)的定局。一个民族中的多数成员能否使用自己的母语,是语言与民族属关系中的一个核心问题。语言与民族之间大致存在三种对应关系:第一种,“一族一语”,这是一种基本的、稳定的、主要的语言民族对应,属于这类对应的民族,占我国民族总数的70%。第二种“一族多语”和第三种“多族一语”对应,体现了语言、民族和民族认同之间的变异性或不一致性,它们是次生的、变化的、非主流的对应,属于这类对应的民族占中国民族总数的30%。

This artide is aimed at discussing the relations between language, ethnidty and identity through a study in the ethnic identifications in the 1950 ＇s and 1960＇s. A fruit of ethnic identification marked the formation of the final pattern of the Chinese nation： 1 （ethnic Han as majority） ＋ 55 （ethnic minorities） . It is a central issue in the relationship between language and ethnidty whether the majority of one ethnic group is able to use their native language or not. Them are three rnodds of the languageethnidty correspondence; the rnodd of ＂one ethnidty, one language＂ is a basic, stable and major model. 70% of all ethnic groups belong to this one. The two other models of ‘one ethnidty, plural languages＇ and ‘plural ethnidties, one language＇ reflect the variability and/ or the non-conformity of language, ethnicity and ethnic identity. Those correspondences are secondary, changing and non-mainstream Ethnic groups belonging to the latter two models make up about 30% of all ethnic groups in China.