唐代的权利侵害及其法律责任

On the Infringements of the Rights and Their Legal Liability in Tang’s China

唐代各种侵权行为可从不同角度分为多种类型,其中比较重要的为：(一)团体侵权和自然人侵权；(二)对人身权的侵害和对财产权的侵害；(三)对社会的侵权、对团体的侵权和对自然人的侵权。在唐代,权利侵害的责任归属受到多种因素的影响,执行公务、正当防卫、不可抗力、受害人有无过错、行为人的责任能力等等都不同程度地影响到权利侵害责任的承担,而其中影响最著亦最为普遍的则为损害事实、因果关系、故误过失以及身份地位等四大要素。唐代的权利侵害主要会导致两种不利后果,一是刑事责任,但这一时期也同时出现了某种权利侵害刑事责任民事化的倾向,这突出地表现在收赎制度上；另一是民事责任,主要包括赔偿损失、返还财产、恢复原状和排除妨碍四种形式。

The infringements of the rights happened frequently in Tang＇ s China. They could be divided into many types such as the group or natural person infringements, the infringements of the persons, property, as well as the society, and the infringements of both groups and indivuduals. However, the infringemental liability was influenced by many factors as well which including that of civil duty enforcement, of legal defence, of forces of irresistible, and so on, among them the four significant elements were the infringement itself, the infringemental causality, the misapprehension or failure, and the personal status. In most eases, the infringements of the rights in the period would result in two kind of infringemental liabilities： criminal liability and civil liability,