4Paul. E. Barton, Test, Test, Test. http://www.ets.org/rese arch/pic/testing/tmt.html.
5The South Carolina Indicator System is described in State Education Indicator: Measured Strides, Missing Steps by Steven Kaagan and Richard Coley (Rutgers University and Educational Testing Service, 1989).
6Barton, Paul E. and Colcy, Richard J. Growth id School: Achievement Giants from Fourth to Eighth Grades. Educational Testing Service Policy Information Center, 1998.
7A full description of Chicago's effort to measure student gains can be found in Academic Productivity of Chicago Public Elementary Schools by Anthony S. Bryk, Yeo Meng Thum, John Q. Easton, and Stuart Luppescu. Consortium on Chicago School Research, March 1998.
