小麦品种演变过程中性状遗传改良规律综述

A Summary of Genetic Improvement of Various Characters during Wheat Cultivars Evolvement

人类通过两种途径来提高小麦的生产力水平,一是品种遗传改良;二是改善小麦生长的农田环境条件。前一途径在小麦的增产中占了较大的作用。在小麦品种演变过程中,生物学与光合生理学性状发生着遗传改良。比较明显的是植株高度降低和收获指数增加,而生物学产量、产量构成因子并没有发生明显地改变,光合器官叶片细胞结构日趋复杂,但是单位叶面积光合性能并没有得到显著地提高,氮运转指数和氮素利用效率有增加的趋势。随着全球资源与环境的压力越来越大,小麦品种的遗传改良除了仍然以抗病高产优质为主要目标以外,利用现代生物工程技术进行抗性育种、抗旱生态育种、植物营养高效育种和高光效育种等将逐渐得到加强。

Mankind took two ways to increase the yield of wheat constantly. One was to improve wheat cultivars and make them adapted to the environment. Another way was to improve environment so that wheat could grow better. The former way had taken greater function in the raising the output of wheat. In the course of improvement of the heredity, the biological and photosynethsis characteristics changed. A much obvious one was that plant height decreased and harvest index increased. Genetic improvement of the biological yield and yield components had not taken place notably. As the photosynethsis organ and leaves structure became complicated, but unit area leaves photosynethsis performance did not increase remarkably. However both the nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency increased. Under the pressure of resources and environment, the directions of wheat breeding will be multi - goals. Besides diseaseresistant, the high yield and high quality would be the main fact. Resisting breeding, drought - resistant breeding, high plant nutrition use efficiency breeding and high photosynethsis efficiency breeding will be strengthened by using the modem biological engineering technology.