茶文化传播模式研究（上）——以平安时代的日本茶文化为例

The Model Research of Tea Culture Spread：Japanese Tea Culture during the Nara and Heian Periods

平安时代的日本在全面效仿中国的政策的驱使下，首次尝试接受中国茶文化的传播。中国茶文化通过各种渠道传播到了日本，日本上层社会对于茶已经有相当全面的了解。平安前期的日本饮茶史料集中在以天皇为中心的贵族和佛教僧侣两个方面。在嵯峨天皇的周围聚集着一批热衷于中国文化的贵族，他们与中国文人一样，诗文唱和，创作了一批涉及到饮茶习尚的汉诗；平安前期著名的僧侣领袖空海和最澄都与饮茶有关，永忠还亲自煎茶献给嵯峨天皇。他们的共同点是都曾随遣唐使赴唐学习，更重要的成果是把茶导入了国家的佛教法事“季御读经”中。但是已经发展到这种程度的茶文化却没有持续发展，进入藤原时代后作为生活情趣的饮茶日益消沉。在到荣西再次导入中国茶文化为止的300来年里，日本茶文化出现了一个发展断层。此次茶文化传播受挫最根本的原因是日本尚不具备接受中国高雅的生活文化的社会文化基础。茶文化的传播虽然赶上了遣唐使的末班车，但是还来不及把中国茶文化消化改造成日本文化的一部分，就失去了发展的必要条件，只能把季御读经这种特定的环境作为主要的生存空间延续命脉，等待历史的机遇，东山再起。

It was during the Nara and Heian periods that Japan, as part of its effort to imitate Chinese ways, for the first time set out to import Chinese Tea culture. As such culture spread through various channels in Japan it became thoroughly familiar to the Japanese upper class. Japanese historical sources on tea dating from that period focus on the Japanese aristocracy at the Imperial court and on Buddhist clergy. People gathering around Emperor Saga were deeply fond of Chinese aristocratic culture, In the manner of Chinese literati they recited poems and wrote Chinese verse describing the custom of drinking tea. The two most famous monks of the beginning of the Heian period, Kukai and Saicho, were both connected with tea and are known to have prepared tea personally for Emperor Saga, Both of them were scholar monks who had gone to study in China; and, most importantly, they embraced the use of tea in Buddhist state ceremonies and during seasonal recitations of Buddhist scriptures. Once the development of Tea culture reached this stage it did not develop further until, just three hundred years later, Eisai imported tea plants from China during the Southern Song period. There thus was a break in the development of Japanese Tea culture, The most fundamental reason for this failure in the propagation of Tea culture was that Japan was not yet ready to adopt the refined cultural life style of China which formed the socio - cultural basis of Tea culture.