谈科学探究中的归纳与演绎

Discussion on Induction and Deduction in Science Inquiry

逻辑推理过程与事物的认识过程同时存在,科学探究离不开逻辑推理过程。归纳和演绎是认识过程中的两种逻辑推理形式,在学生的科学探究活动中,尤其是在提出问题、猜想与假设、设计实验方案与解释结论阶段,归纳和演绎发挥着重要的作用。本文重点论述了寻求现象原因的求异归纳推理、探寻化学物质通性及变化规律的不完全归纳推理、探求个别物质性质的演绎三段论、解释个别现象的演绎解释推理过程在科学探究中的重要作用。

Because logical reasoning process and cognitive process exist simultaneously, science inquiry can not be separated from logical reasoning process. As the two ways of logical reasoning in cognitive process, induction and deduction play an important role in students＂ science inquiry activities, especially in the stage of raising questions , supposing , designing experimental program and explaining results. In this paper, the important effect of seeking--difference inductive reasoning in seeking for cause of phenomena, incomplete inductive reasoning in seeking for the common properties and change rules of chemical substances, deductive syllogism in searching for properties of single substance, and deductive explaining reasoning process in explaining single phenomenon in science inquiry.