对1950—1999年英国交通政策的重新审视——“单一模式”与“范式改变”

Reappraising UK Transport Policy 1950-1999: the Myth of‘Mono-Modality’and the Nature of‘Paradigm Shifts’

本文基于两个目的:第一,以英国交通规划为例对一个以前人们普遍接受的观点——“1950-1999年发达国家的交通规划通常只有一个范式”提出质疑,同时证明当这一范式在一系列交通规划实践支持之下,会导致道路建设成为解决交通拥挤的唯一途径;第二,由于城市之间和城市内部的交通政策通常是不同的,同时政策执行的效果也受到一系列政策制定制度及专业政策体系的影响。因此,本文的重点是第二个目的,即探讨现实政策与概念范式转变的困难。

This article has two main aims. First, it employs a case study of UK transport planning to address the commonly held view that the practice of transport planning in developed nations commonly had a single paradigm during the second half of the twentieth century. It challenges the view that this paradigm, undcrpinned as it was by a particular set of practices and influences, led to road construction as the overriding policy solution. Rather, policy is best conceived as being geographically differentiated between inter- and intra-arban movement; and policy outcomes are explained by reference to a detailed analysis of the institutional relations of policy-making and the dominance of a professionalized policy network in particular. This sheds light on the second of the paper＇s aims, which is to highlight the difficulties associated with conceptualizing changes in practices and policy as ＇paradigmatic＇.