清代西藏地方的瓦合山神崇拜考述

The Worship of the Wahe Mountain (瓦合山) inTibetin Qing Dynasty

瓦合山神是清代中期以后西藏地方藏汉人民信奉的神灵。这一山神崇拜因初次发生并定型于类乌齐县的瓦合山而得名。瓦合山神崇拜在清代中期后逐渐成为民间信仰。本文在古代典籍及最近发现的清碑拓本的基础上,结合时人包括法国神父的记载,对瓦合山神崇拜的产生背景、原型、传播沿革及衰落过程作了详细的描述。研究历史上西藏的瓦合山神崇拜,有助于理解一个民间信仰如何在佛教影响巨大的西藏生根并获得较快的发展,以及在这一过程中政府起的作用。

The Hans and Tibetans worshiped the god of the Wahe Mountain in Tibetsince the middle of the Qing Dynasty. The worship originated from the Wahe Mountain of Riwoqê County, Tibet. It developed a folk brief in the middle of the Qing dynasty. On the basis of arubbing from a stone inscriptionof the Qing dynasty in additionto refer to the record of the time, including the accountfrom couple of Frenchpriest, this paper details the backgroundof the origin, prototype, spread and fall of the worship. This helps us understanding how a folk belief could root and spread quicklyin Tibetanareas under the wide influence of Buddhismand how the governmentproduced effect on this process.