竹简兵书中的兵家法律思想研究

Study on the Legal Ideas of the School Thoughts of War Art in the Bamboo Slips Books of War Arts

本文根据1972年山东临沂银雀山汉墓出土的《孙子兵法》(含佚文)、《孙膑兵法》、《六韬》、《尉缭子》、《守法、守令等十三篇》,1975年湖北云梦出土的《睡虎地秦墓竹简》(与军事有关的法令),1982年湖北江陵张家山汉墓出土的汉简《盖庐》等材料,分别从立法思想、犯罪防治思想与治国方略三个方面探讨了竹简兵书中的法律思想。竹简兵书论"刑"多言及"赏",视刑赏为重要的治军措施,并且进一步将刑赏提到基本的治国之道的高度来认识。在刑罚方面,主张严刑重罚,体现了一种重刑主义精神。兵书对犯罪原因进行了深入探讨,认为过分的求利之心是导致犯罪的人性根源,统治者滥施赏罚的恶政是导致犯罪的政治根源,并就此提出了预防犯罪的主张,那就是要求统治者实行法治和无为之治(法治可致无为之治)并进行道德教化。另外,竹简兵书将治国之道与自然之道密切结合起来,使其法律思想带有明显的自然主义的色彩,这是古代兵阴阳家的一个重要特点。

The law idea in book of tactics on culm is discussed from the thought of lawmaking, the thought of prevention of crime and strategy of government based on the correlative literature. The penalty is discussed with prise in the book of tactics. The penalty and prise are regarded as important method to manage the army and further more they are considered as the basic method of government. The heavy punishment is the opinion of the book of tactics. The reason of crime is discussed in the book of tactics. The human reason of causing crime is to pursue the benefit without measure, and the political reason is that the governor abuses the right of punishment and prise. So the opinion, that the governor should govern by law and omission and improve the moral level of society, is put forward. Furthermore, the method of government is combined with the rule of nature in book of tactics, so the law idea of strategist is naturalism in a certain extent.