人类活动对生态环境的影响评价与调控原则

Evaluation and Regulation Principles for the Effects of Human Activities on Ecology and Environment

人口的剧烈增长和科技、经济的飞速发展使人类活动对地球的影响越来越深刻。人类的不合理活动导致生态环境恶化,自然灾害频繁。为此,探求人类活动对生态环境的影响机制和作用规律,实现对人类活动方向和速率的有效调控,维持区域环境与经济的可持续发展,已经成为人地关系研究中的重要科学问题。本文综述和讨论了人类活动对生态环境影响的主要类型、途径和作用尺度;强调进行区域生态建设,发挥人类活动的能动作用在我国条件下的重要性;列举和评述了人类活动强度评价指标和对生态环境影响的临界调控指标与调控原则,为正面评估和规范人类活动提供研究思路。

With the explosion of population and the rapid development of technology and economy, human activities have been a greater and greater effect on the earth. Human unreasonable activities have led to the degradation of ecology and aggravated the occurrence of natural disasters. Therefore, the effects of human activity on ecology and environment have been one of the key points in the study of man-land relationship. This paper firstly reviewed and discussed the deep impact of human activities on ecology and environment. The main impact types include： land use, large-scale engineering constructions, urban expansion and inducing natural disasters. The main impact approaches： land cover change, habitat and species loss, speeding up surface sediment transfer, increasing energy inputted into nature, and new substances （pollutants） generated and transfered in natural environment. The impact is multi-time scale, from day, month, year, century to geological ages and is also multi-spaee scale, from local, landscape, regional to global sphere. Second, the authors emphasized the importance of exerting the positive role of human activities and earrying out the regional ecological reconstruction in China. Third, in order to evaluate quantitatively human activity intensity and seek the methods to regulate the direction and velocity of human activity, the authors enumerated and commented on some human activity intensity and critical point regulation indexes which are respectively Economic density, Population density index, Human action relative intensity, Ecological footprint, Human activity index, Disturbance degree index, Human effect intensity model, Renewable resource use threshold, Environmental Kuznts Curve, Net primary productivity, and Biodiversity safety threshold. Fourth, the authors brought forward briefly the principles for regulating human activities. At the end of this paper,the authors expressed a preliminary idea on the theory of landscape ecological reconstruction focusing on orderly human activity,which should be a useful theory for evaluating and regulating human activities actively.