论宋代土地神信仰与基层社会控制

On Faith in Village God and the Control of Grass-Roots Society in the Song Dynasty

由于唐宋社会的转型,宋代的官方州县社稷正神逐渐处于“理正势弱”的衰微地位,相反地,宋代民间土地神信仰却十分活跃,它分布于农村自然村落和城市市坊,分别代表着乡间小民和城市贫民的利益,在地位上,民间土地神受制于兴起的代表城市上层阶层利益的城隍神。宋代的社稷神实际地位虽然低下,但它于理为正,在道义上占据着统治地位,所以统治者与民间仍然有意识地利用这个神灵来加强对地方社会的控制,并取得了一定的社会效果。

Due to the attacks of Buddhism, Daoism and the local worship, particularly to the joint efforts of land system changes, the development of commercial economy and being an official far from his hometown, the orthodox altar God of the local county and district in the Song Dynasty was in a declining situation, which was ＂orthodox in Confucian philosophy but weak in force＂. Contrary to this fact, local people＇s faith in the village God in the Song Dynasty was very much active. The local people＇ s faith in the village God divided the natural village into units, and fang in the city, which represented the interests of rural people and the urban poor. Due to its lower social class, the position of local land God was petty, too, which was under control of town＇ s God, representing the interest of the urban upper class. Though the position of local village God was petty, yet it was orthodox in Confucian philosophy and held a dominating position in morality and justice. Therefore, the rulers tried to control local society by using the local village God, which had achieved some social effects.