老年人心理健康状况及与社会支持的相关性

Mental health status of the elderly associated with social support

目的:调查老年人心理健康基本状况,分析其与社会支持的关系。方法:于2004-07采取方便取样方式对182名60岁及60岁以上的老年人进行老年人心理健康问卷和社会支持问卷调查,包括基本人口学资料、心理健康和社会支持的调查。①人口学资料有性别、年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、居住场所等。②老年心理健康问卷包括性格、情绪、社会适应、人际关系和认知功能5个维度50道题。要求选择“是”、“否”其中一个符合自己实际情况的答案。回答“是”记1分,“否”记0分,总分为5个维度得分之和。③采用社会支持量表调查社会支持状况,包含客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度3个维度10个项目,总分等于各个维度之和。在问卷调查、资料收集、数据录入和分析各个环节都进行严格的质量控制。对数据主要采用t检验、方差分析和Pearson相关分析。结果:发放问卷200份,回收合格问卷182份,有效率91.0%。①老年人心理健康状况量表总分(30.82±9.19),心理健康各因子性格、情绪、适应、人际、认知5个方面的评分分别为(5.35±1.97),(4.92±2.37),(8.27±3.18),(8.19±2.66),(4.08±2.28);与北京城区老年人心理健康状况的百分等级常模进行比较处于中等水平。②男性老年人情绪和认知维度的得分均高于女性,性别差异显著(t=-2.42,P<0.05;t=-2.76,P<0.01)。③低年龄组老年人在认知方面好于高年龄组老年人,差异达到显著水平(t=2.01,P<0.05)。④城市老年人在适应方面好于农村老年人(t=-2.72,P<0.01)。⑤受教育程度不同,老年人总的心理健康状况差异非常显著(F=7.44,P<0.001)。高学历者好于低学历者和不识字者。⑥老年人客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度3个维度的评分分别为(10.24±3.26),(16.23±3.95),(7.38±1.84),而社会支持总分为(33.86±6.85),与国内人群常模(34.56±3.73)进行t检验,差异无显著性意义(t=1.03,P>0.05)。⑦心理健康与总体社会支持显著相关,并与主观支持、客观支持和支持的利用度显著相关。性格、情绪与主观支持相关,适应、认知与主客观支持相关,人际与社会支持3个维度均呈正相关。结论:老年人的心理健康状况良好,男性老年人好于女性。有文化老年人好于没有文化者。主观支持和对支持的利用度与老年人心理健康显著相关,其中主观支持的相关性最高,是提高老年人心理健康的关键。

AIM： To investigate the mental health of the elderly and explore its relationship with social support. METHODS： Totally 182 elderly people aged 60 years and older were assessed with the Questionnaire of Elderly Mental Health and Social Support Rating Scale （SSRS） to survey the demographic characteristics, mental health and social support with convenience sampling in July 2004. ①The demographic characteristics included gender, age, education, marriage, living and so on. ②Questionnaire of Elderly Mental Health involved 5 dimensions of einotion, social adaptation, relationship and cognition with 50 items. The subjects answered ＂yes＂or ＂no＂ according to their actuality： ＂yes＂ got 1 score, and ＂no＂ got 0 score. The total score was the summary of 5 dimensions. ②SSRS was used to survey the status of social support, including 3 dimensions of objective support, subjective support and the use of support with 10 items. The total score was the summary of each item＇s score. Every tache in the investigation was strictly controlled, including inquiry, information collection and the import and analysis of data. The statistics was analyzed with t-test, variance analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS： A total of 182 questionnaires of the 200 ones were retrieved with an effective rate of 91.0%. ①The total score of mental health was （30.82±9.19）, and the scores of character, emotion, social adaptation relationship and cognition were （5.35±1.97）, （4.92±2.37）, （8.27 ±3.18）, （8.19±2.66） and （4.08±2.28）, respectively. The mental health of the elderly was at middle level compared with the normal standard of Beijing city＇s elderly. ②The scores of emotion and cognition of men were higher than those of women, which had significantly difference （t=-2.42, P 〈 0.05; t=-2.76, P 〈 0.01）.③Low-aged elderly was better than high-aged elderly in the dimensions of cognition and there were significant difference （t=2.01, P 〈 0.05）. ④The elderly lived in city had better adaptation than those lived in county （t=-2.72, P 〈 0.01）. ⑤There was significant difference among different levels of education （F=7.44, P 〈 0.001）, well-educated elderly had better mental health than low-educated and illiteracy.⑥The scores of 3 dimensions of objective support, subjective support and the use of support were （10.24±3.26）, （16.23±3.95） and （7.38±1.84）, respectively, while the total score of the social support was （33.86±6.85）, there was no significant difference between this result and the normal standard by t-test （34.56±3.73, t=1.03, P 〉 0.05）. ⑦There was notable relationship among objective support,subjective support, use of support and mental health. Character and emotion were correlated with subjective support; adaptation and cognition were correlated with objective and subjective support; personal relationship was positively correlated with the 3 dimensions of social support. CONCLUSION： Mental health of the elderly was good, which in elderly women was better than that in man elderly; in well-educated elderly was better than that in low-educated elderly. There were notable relationship among subjective support, use of support and mental health, while the correlation between subjective support and mental health was the closest, so subjective support is the key to improve the mental health of the elderly.