俄罗斯油气工业现状及出口管道建设

The Russian Oil/Gas Industry and Export Pipeline Construction

俄罗斯主要通过油气管道向世界能源市场供应能源,但管道过境问题成为能源出口的瓶颈,为此,俄罗斯提出了向欧洲直接出口油气资源以及向亚太地区修建出口管道的方案。预计到2020年,波罗的海管道系统和普里摩尔斯克油码头的总输油能力将达到6200万吨/年,输油干线到黑海码头的能力为6300万吨/年,“友谊”输油干线的输油能力为6600万吨/年,里海财团管道(CPC管道)的输油能力为6700万吨/年,东西伯利亚—太平洋输油管道的输油能力为8000万吨/年,西西伯利亚—季曼—伯朝拉—摩尔曼斯克输油管道的输油能力为8000万吨/年。俄罗斯的天然气出口政策已从过去的国家定位转向地区定位。正在建设中的天然气出口管道包括亚马尔—欧洲输气管道的俄罗斯段,北方—欧洲输气管道。中俄之间有4个天然气管道在谈项目。目前俄罗斯油气工业存在的主要问题是:石油储量增长长期低于产量的增长;国内投资环境差,外国资本不敢贸然进行长期投资;俄罗斯天然气工业亟待改革等。

Russia supplies energy to the global energy market primarilythrough its oil and gas pipelines, but passing through theterritory of other countries is emerging as the bottleneck forthe energy export. Russia, therefore, aims at exporting its oiland gas resources directly to Europe, and constructingpipelines leading to the Asia Pacific region. The total oilexport capacity of the Baltic Pipeline System and Primorskport is expected to amount to 62 million tons per year, and thatof the oil pipeline stretching to the Black Sea is projected torise to 63 million tons by 2020. The oil transport capacity ofthe 'Friendship' Pipeline, CPC Pipeline, and East Siberia-Pacific Pipeline and West Siberia-Timan-Pechora-Murmanskis 66 million, 67 million, 80 million and 80 million tons peryear respectively. Russia's natural gas export policy has shiftedits focus from the national to the regional dimension. Thenatural gas export pipelines under construction include thesection of the Yamal-Europe gas transport pipeline within theterritory of Russia, and the North-Europe gas transport pipeline.China and Russia are now negotiating on four natural gaspipeline projects. The major problems faced by the Russianoil/gas industry include, among others, long-term lowerincrease in oil reserves when compared with that in production;unfavorable domestic investment environment that, more oftenthan not, scares away the foreign investors intent on long-terminvestment and a dysfunctional natural gas industry that requiressweeping reform.R