民族志视野中“真实性”的多种样态

Diverse Forms of“Reality”from the Perspective of Ethnography

“真实性”历来被视为民族志研究的一个核心问题。在当代“反思”原则的作用下,这一问题被引入到更为复杂的讨论层面。本文以各种不同的“真实性”的表现样态为“经”,以民族志研究历史为“纬”,选择三个不同时段的民族志样本进行分析:传统民族志在“实践理性”和“文化理性”原则之下对“真实性”的理解;现代历史人类学通过“文化结构”对“真实性”叙事的建构;在当代“全球化”社会里,旅游民族志认识和反映“真实性”所面临的情形与困境。笔者试图回应学术界提出的三个问题:其一,民族志反映历史“真实性”的可能性;其二,不同时期的民族志对这一问题研究的特点;其三,民族志再现不同社会语境中“真实性”样态的差异。

“Reality”has always been a core issue of ethnographic studies. It entered a more complicated context under the contemporary principle of“reflection.”Along a vertical line of various forms of“reality”and a horizontal line of the history of ethnographic studies, this study analyzes three ethnographic cases from different historical periods, in order to reveal the understanding of“reality”in traditional ethnography under the principles of“practical rationality”and“cultural rationality,”the construction of“reality”in modern historical ethnography through“cultural structure,”and the understanding and demonstration of“reality”through tourism ethnography and its difficulties in a“globalized”society. The author attempts to address three academic questions: the possibilities of ethnography in revealing historical“reality,”the features of ethnographic studies of this issue in different periods, and the different forms of“reality”in different social contexts reconstructed by ethnography.