清代地方乡村治理的传统特征

The Traditional Features of the Local Administration of Rural Society in Qing Dynasty

乡村社会是清代国家的基础。封建国家两个最主要的追求:赋税和安宁,都落实在乡村。清代乡村的治理主要依靠这样几种权力和权威:以保甲制为载体的官权、基于血缘关系的族权、以对乡村知识的垄断而形成的绅权和源于皇权的封建教化权。在上述诸权的合治下,民生低下,民权被严重压抑以至于基本不存在。这一切构成了清代乡村治理的传统特征。

The rural society is a foundation on which are based the state taxes and social peace of the regime of Qing Dynasty. Ruling of the rural society resorts to such powers as the political power entrusted by the Bao-Jia System, the clan power principally based on blood relationship, the gentry power derved from the monopoly of intelligence in rural society, and the feudal power of education originated from the royal power, all of which squeeze and depress civil rights and constitute the royal power, all of which squeeze and depress civil rights and constitute the traditional features of the local administration of rural society in Qing Dynasty.