1644至1911年陕北长城外伙盘地垦殖时空特征分析——以榆林金鸡滩乡为例

Spatial-temporal characteristics of land reclamation in HuoPanDi at the outside of the Great Wall in the north of Shaanxi in the Qing Dynasty

根据历史文献资料,分析总结清代陕北长城外伙盘地土地垦殖过程及时空表现特征。结果显示,由当地居民土地垦殖方式及力度变化所引发的生态环境变化在整个清代呈现出较为平缓的发展态势。清代陕北长城外伙盘地土地垦殖可分为4个阶段:明末清初的封禁期,康熙三十六年至乾隆六年的招垦期,乾隆七年至光绪二十八年的禁垦期和光绪二十八年至宣统三年的拓垦期。大致从康熙中后期开始,陕北长城外出现一定规模的汉族移民聚居点,道光至光绪年间为土地垦殖的高峰期。进一步深入分析不同地域土地垦殖的差异性,认为陕北长城外伙盘地在清前期以下湿草滩地、干滩地为主,中期以下湿草滩地、干滩地、沙地居多,晚期拓垦期与其他时期相比,则以沙地为主。

Based on numerable and valuable historical documents, spatial and temporal characteristics of land reclamation in Huo PanDi at the outside of the Great Wall in the North of Shaanxi in the Qing Dynasty were analyzed in this paper. The results are as following： ① four stages of the land reclamation in HuoPanDi at the outside of the Great Wall in the north of Shaanxi in the Qing Dynasty were identified, i.e. , the stage of desolation in the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the stage of recultivation from the 36th year of Kangxi Emperor to the 6th year of Qianlong Emperor, the stage of expanding reclamation from the 7th year of Qianlong Emperor to the 28th of Guangxu Emperor, and the stage of desolation from the 28th year of Guangxu Emperor to the end of Xuantong Emperor. The arable lands were reclaimed up and more and more people beginned to live by the later stage of Kangxi emperor. The interdiction during the time of the next emperors （Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu） kept on enlarging the farmland and brought it to the ＂peak＂ level in the reign of Daoguang and Guangxu emperors. ② The land reclamation is spatially imbalanced due to environmental differences. In the early stage, the recultivation concentrated in the meadow areas. In the mid stage, the reclamation expanded in meadow and tibba areas. In later stage, the reclamation activities moved back to tibba. As the spatial characteristics, the meadow areas with better natural conditions had a low ratio of desolation, a high ratio of recultivation and a quick process of recuhivation, The tibba areas had a high ratio of desolation and the intensity of reclamation there was much high.