不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积、转运与氮肥利用的影响

Effects of Different Types of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Accumulation,Translocation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Utilization in Summer Maize

在较低施氮量下,研究了3种类型氮肥(普通尿素、包膜尿素和复合肥)不同施用量(0、90和180 kg N/hm2)对夏播玉米郑单958与农大108氮素吸收、累积、转运及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,在本试验范围内,施氮量增大,植株氮素累积量增加,氮生理效率、氮肥效率与氮肥利用率(NUE)下降。同等施氮量下包膜尿素与复合肥较普通尿素NUE高,郑单958施90 kg N/hm2与农大108施180 kg N/hm2时尤为明显;氮素阶段性累积规律,两品种在不施氮和施氮条件下均具有基因型差异。播种至吐丝后21 d氮素累积量太大对夏玉米灌浆中后期氮素累积有一定抑制作用,郑单958表现特别明显;氮收获指数(NHI)具明显基因型差异,郑单958较农大108高近6个百分点。施氮使郑单958 NHI显著降低,农大108变化不明显。与普通尿素相比,包膜尿素与复合肥处理NHI较低,在郑单958施90 kg N/hm2与农大108施180 kg N/hm2时差异达显著水平;叶、茎鞘氮素转运量及其对籽粒氮贡献率随施氮量增大而增大,叶氮素转运主要在吐丝后21 d至成熟期,茎鞘氮素转运主要在吐丝至吐丝后21 d;肥料氮主要在吐丝前发挥作用,且最主要是在12叶展至吐丝期,施氮与不施氮处理的氮素累积量差异在吐丝前后达最大。

In recent years, nitrogen over fertilization has become an unassailable fact in summer maize-winter wheat cropping system in north China plain, especially in summer maize growing season, resulting in N use efficiency （NUE） rapidly decrease and causing a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as underground water pollution, acid rain, global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion, and so on. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of three application rates （0, 90 and 180 kg N/a） of three types of nitrogen fertilizer （common urea, coated urea and compound fertilizer） on N absorption, accumulation, translocation and nitrogen fertilizer （NF） utilization of summer maize cultivars, Zhengdan 958 and ND 108 under condition of lower NF application rate, and to provide some beneficial references for ameliorating the fertilization techniques and increasing NUE of summer maize in this area. The main results showed that N accumulation amount increased but nitrogen physiological efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and NUE descended with the increment of N application rate from 0 to 180 kg N/ha. Under condition of the same N application rate, NUEs of coated urea and compound fertilizer treatments were bigger than those of common urea treatments, especially in the treatments of 90 kg N/ha for Zhengdan 958 and 180 kg N/ha for ND 108 （Table 2, 5 and 6） . Difference existed in N staggered accumulation trends between two cultivars under zero N application, and their alternation under N application showed genotypic difference likewise （Table 2）. In N application treatments, N accumulation amount increased before silking stage, but descended in middle and late filling stage, and this trend was more evident for Zhengdan 958. N absorption of summer maize, especially of Zhengdan 958 in the middle and late filling stage could be restrained if N accumulation amount was too much in the stage of sowing to 21 d after silking. There was a genotypic difference in nitrogen harvest index （NHI）, nearly 6% more in Zhengdan 958 than in ND 108. With NF application, NHI of Zhengdan 958 was descended evidently, but that of ND 108 changed unconspicuously. Compared to NHI under common urea application, NHI under coated urea and compound fertilizer application was lower and the difference was significant at 0.05 probability level when N application rate was 90 kg N/ha for Zhengdan 958 and 180 kg N/ha for ND 108 （Table 2）. Translocation amount of leaf N and stem-sheath N and their contribution rates to grain N were increased with the increment of N application. Leaf N was translocated to grain mainly from 21 d after silking to maturing stage, but stem-sheath N did mainly from silking to 21 d after silking stage （Table 4）. Fertilizer-N played the role mainly before silking, especially from 12-leaf to silking stage, and the difference of N accumulation amount between N application treatments and zero N treatment reached to the maximum around silking stage.