江西省首例高致病性H_5N_1人禽流感临床特点分析

Clinical characteristic analysis of the first human case infected by influenza A(H_5N_1) in Jiangxi Province

目的了解高致病性H5N1人禽流感病例的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征、治疗及其预后。方法对2005年12月在江西省遂川县人民医院收治的1例高致病性H5N1人禽流感的临床表现、实验室检查、心电图、影像学改变、病理变化和治疗等多方面的资料进行总结。结果患者经逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT PCR)、实时荧光定量PCR(real timePCR)方法和病毒分离确诊为高致病性H5N1人禽流感病例。患者发病前有禽流感环境暴露史,以发热、畏寒起病,伴流感样症状,继之出现咳嗽、咳脓痰和脓血痰,病情进行性加重,出现腹泻和呼吸困难,伴外周血白细胞和淋巴细胞明显降低、大量尿蛋白、肝功能和心肌酶谱明显异常及血清白蛋白明显降低。发病第6天后痰培养多次发现耐苯唑西林肺炎球菌,在病情明显加重后,痰培养出现其他细菌和真菌。发病初期(第5天)胸部影像学可见右肺中下高密度病灶,继之迅速发展至双肺,出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)样肺部表现。经抗病毒、抗细菌、抗真菌、糖皮质激素和对症治疗未见好转,于发病后第27天死于感染性休克和多器官功能衰竭。病理表现为双肺弥漫性肺泡损伤合并感染,继发弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC);淋巴组织中淋巴细胞明显减少,组织细胞增生;心肌水肿、空泡变性;肾小管广泛坏死。结论高致病性H5N1人禽流感患者病变进展为ARDS合并多器官功能损害时,预后不佳。

Objective To describe the clinical,laboratory and radiological presentation of a human case infected by influenza A （ H5N1 ）, and to understand its management and prognosis. Methods The clinical and autopsy data of the first human case infected by influenza A（ H5N1 ） in Jiangxi Province were collected and analyzed. Results The first case infected by influenza A（ H5N1 ） in Jiangxi Province was confirmed by laboratory findings with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and influenza A（ H5N1 ） isolation. The patient had been healthy in the past and exposed to the environment of bird flu before illness. The initial symptoms included high fever with influenza-like symptoms, and then cough and purulent sputum mixed with blood appeared. The clinical situation deteriorated progressively with occurrence of diarrhea and dyspnea. Laboratory abnormalities included decrease of peripheral white blood cells and lymphocytes, urine protein, dramatic increase of enzymes associated with hepatic injury and myocarditis and decrease of serum albumin. Six days later,penicillin-resistant streptococcuspneumoniae was isolated from multiple sputum cultures. With the deterioration of clinical situation, several other bacteria and fungi were found in sputum culture. Pulmonary infiltrates were evident in right middle and lower lobe at day 5 after illness, and rapidly progressed to involve bilateral lungs as acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）-like changes. The patient was treated with antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal reagents, and corticosteroids and invasive mechanical ventilation were also administered ,but without any improvement. The patient died 27 days after the onset of symptoms and an autopsy was performed. Pathologically, the lungs exhibited diffuse alveolar damage. The lymphocytes in the spleen, the lymph nodes and the tonsils were depleted prominently with histiocytic hyperplasia and hemophagocytic phenomena. Edema and degeneration of myocytes in the heart and extensive acute tubular necrosis in the kidney were observed. Conclusion The prognosis was very poor if influenza A（ H5N1 ） infected human cases was developed as ARDS with multiple organ damage or failure.