城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价及风险管理

Environmental health risk assessment and management for urban water supply sources

环境健康风险评价是环境科学的一个新兴研究领域，在简要介绍水环境健康风险评价基本方法的基础上，建立了健康风险评价模式，并根据深圳市主要饮用水源地水质监测资料，进行分析与评价。研究结果表明：（1）深圳市7个主要水库由基因毒物质所产生的健康风险的数量级为10^-5～10^-4，而由躯体毒物质所产生的健康风险的数量级为10^-11～10^-10，因此，基因毒物质为优先控制污染物；（2）对于Cr、As、CA这三种基因毒物质，这7个水库的优先控制污染物是Cr；（3）对于躯体毒物质，所有水库的优先控制污染物是氨；（4）饮用水源各类污染物所致健康危害的个人年总风险小于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受值，但超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平。目前环境健康风险评价还没有包括在常规环境评价工作中，建议在今后的评价工作中应该逐步开展这方面的工作，以提高供水安全。

Environmental health risk assessment is a new study field of environmental sciences. This study established a model for assessment of water environmental health risk. The model was applied to assess the quality of seven water supply sources in Shenzhen city. Results indicate that （1） the health risk caused by gene toxic substances ranges from 10^-5 to 10^-4 and caused by non-gene toxic substances ranges from 10^-11 to 10^-10 , therefore, gene toxic substances are the pollutants of highest control priority; （2） for gene toxic substances, Cr is the highest priority pollutant in the seven water supply sources; （3） for non-gene toxic substances, ammonia is the highest priority pollutant in the seven water supply sources; （4） the total health risk caused by all pollutants for the seven water supply sources is lower than the value recommended by ICRP, but higher than the standards recommended by the Sweden Bureau of Environment Protection and the Holland Ministry of Building and Environment Protection. At present, an environmental health risk assessment is not required in environmental assessments in China. However, this paper suggests that environmental health risk assessments should be included in environmental assessments.