中国古典园林的美学精神

The Aesthetic Spirit of Chinese Classical Garden

中国园林是中华文化的瑰宝。从某种意义上讲,中国古典美学的精髓集中在园林中。中国园林也可以视为中国古典文化精神包括美学精神的感性显现。中国园林的美学精神主要体现在如下几个方面:第一,儒道兼得,取格“清雅”。儒家思想有两个基本点:家庭文化本位和人生价值本位。中国的园林总是营造出浓浓的家庭意味,但是儒家的等级思想以及由礼仪体现出来的法度井然,也从园林中处处见出。为了励志,园林的风物体现出一种高洁的情怀。中国园林造园的基本理念是“法自然”,从本质上看,园林是退隐的精神寄托物。这些充分体现出道家的思想。从整体来看,中国的园林,其文化精神是儒道兼得,而重在“道”意。园林宜雅,雅而脱俗;园林宜清,清而出尘。“清雅”可以视为中国古典园林的基本品格。第二,气韵生动,重在“韵味”。中国园林的美学品味尚“韵”,也就是尚“含蓄”。中国古典美学关于“隐秀”的理论在园林中有突出的表现。第三,众美荟萃,趋于乐境。中国的园林是一种综合的美。它有自然的美、人工的美。人工的美中,最为突出是艺术美。中国园林造园的最高理念是音乐的。中国园林所追求的是类于音乐却又超越音乐的境界。第四,天人合一,人间仙境。中国园林最高精神是天人合一。中国园林在物质上是现实的,在精神上却是理想的。它是人间的仙境。

The Chinese garden is a treasure of Chinese culture and somewhat of the essence of Chinese classical aesthetics. It can be regarded as a display material of the spirit of the Chinese classical culture and the Chinese aesthetics. The aesthetic spirit of the Chinese garden can be put as follows： Firstly, the spirit of Chinese garden is a combination of Confucianism and Taoism which values cleanness-elegancy （清雅）. The Confucianism is based on two themes. One is family-oriented culture. Another is the value of life. The Chinese garden always creates a strong family-like atmosphere and yet shows the thought of distinction and order that come from the Confucian＇s etiquette. In general, the spirit of Chinese garden is a combination of Confucianism and Taoism but with more Taoist elements. The garden should be elegant, free from poor taste. It should also be clean, free from worldly affairs. In a word, cleanness-elegance, put together, sets the keynote of the Chinese classical garden. Secondly, a typical Chinese garden is vital-graceful （气韵生动） . Grace has become an important aesthetic quality of the Chinese garden. The Chinese garden gives a vivid description of the theory of hiding-showing （隐秀） and keeps a balance between them, a balance between void and reality, finite and infinite, bringing the aesthetic ideal to Tao. Thirdly, the Chinese garden displays varied forms of beauty and resembles a musical world. It is a music-like state but far beyond music and that is the ideal of the Chinese garden. Fourthly, the Chinese garden is a world paradise harmonizing the universe and the man. That harmonize the universe and the man is the up most ideal of Chinese garden and also the basic idea of Chinese philosophy. The idea of garden design is after nature and to regard the nature as the most beautiful. So any practice against nature or ecology is not desirable. The Chinese garden is realistic for it＇s material and ideal for it＇s spirit. It is the heaven in the world.