西藏农村能源消费及环境影响研究

Research on Xizang Rural Energy Consumption and Its Environmental Impact

西藏农村人口现有220多万,占全区总人口80%以上,农村经济落后,城乡差距很大。西藏农村能源资源主要有水力、地热、太阳能、风力、林木和畜粪等,煤炭、石油、天然气等高热值的优质能源很少。在这种经济发展水平及能源资源基础条件下,农村能源消费中高热值的现代能源比重很低,主要以生物质能如薪柴、牛粪、草皮等为主。这种低水平的能源消费结构已经对西藏脆弱的生态环境造成了巨大的破坏,西藏未来的能源发展战略迫切需要改变农村目前的消费结构,应发展太阳能、风能、农村小水电及输入高热值的化石能源替代目前生物质能的消费,减少因能源消费对西藏生态环境的破坏。

Xizang Autonomous Region, averaging more than 4000 meters above sea level, accounted for 12.8 percent of chinese total land area which formed the main part of the Qinghai - Zizang Plateau well known as the ＂roof of the world. ＂ Xizang was rich in water, geothermal, solar and wind energy but lack of coal, oil and natural gas. It produced approximately 200 million kilowatts of natural hydro - energy annually, about 30 percent of the nation＇s total. Xizang had about 56.59 million kilowatts exploitable hydro- energy resources, 15 percent of the nation＇s total,and also led China in geothermal energy. The Yangbajain geothermal field in Damxung County, Lhasa, was chinese largest high temperature steam geothermal field. The development of agriculture and animal husbandry had been given top priority in the Xizang economy. However, although Xizang＇s production level of agriculture and animal husbandry rose greatly since 1980 with the help of central government and the application of science and technology, it was very low when compared with that of other provinces or regions. With the limitation of low economic development and energy resource basement, total rural energy consumptions within the region were quite low. Electric power was still inaccessible to over 1 million local farmers and herdsmen, about 43% of the total population. Since about 70% of local farmers and herdsmen were unable to access the commercial energy rsources, they had to rely on the native vegetation for domestic use, thus causing potential damage to wild plants and natural preservations. Xizang was a giant plant kingdom, with more than 5000 species of high - grade plants. It was also one of the chinese largest forest areas, preserving intact primeval forests. Therefore , it was very necessary for Xizang to change its rural energy consumption structure , try to make full use of renewable energy such as solar energy ,wind energy, hydro-energy instead of native vegetation and animal＇s droppings.