晚清时人对国家构成要素的思考和诠释

Thoughts and Annotations for the Composing Elements of the State in the Late Qing Period

国家构成要素既是国家观的核心内容,又是国家观研究中无法回避的重大问题。晚清时期,先进的中国人对国家构成要素所做的深层思考和诠释,从根本上回答了构成国家的主体与核心以及国家最高权力的归属等重大问题,直接地推动了晚清国家观的变革,是晚清时期思想启蒙和思想解放运动的重要组成部分。因为它是对古代王朝观及其所竭力维护的君主专制国家制度的进一步批判和否定,向广大民众进行国家思想以及由此而生的爱国心和社会责任感之启蒙过程,对当时最大限度地宣传、动员和组织广大民众投身于御侮雪耻、救亡图存之爱国运动中无疑具有重大的推动作用,而这也正是当时中国社会所亟待解决之事。

The composing elements of the state are not only the core contents of the concept of the state, but also the important issues inevitable in the research on the latter. The deep deliberation and interpretation on the forming elements of the state by some pioneers in the late Qing period, provided not only a fundamental answer in regard to who is the principal part and the core of the state, and to whom the supreme power belongs to, and thus promoted the evolution of the state concept in the late Qing, but also an important content of the enlightenment movement in that period. It further attacked the dynastic view and the political system of absolute monarchy, educated the common people on state concept, and patriotism as well as social responsibility derived from the concept. Moreover, it transferred the patriotic actions from instinctive responses to persistent and unbeatable actions with strong consciousness directed by the advanced state concept. It persuaded, mobilized, and organized the large stoups of common people to join the patriotic movement, fighting the enemies and seeking survival of the nation, and enhanced the patriotic passion of the wide mass.