马克思对主体哲学的批判与当代哲学的语言学转向

Marx's Critique of Subject Philosophy and the Linguistic Turn in Contemporary Philosophy

当代哲学的“语言学转向”是至为密切地与批判“主体哲学”的进程联系在一起的。所谓主体哲学,意指以“我思”或“自我意识”为基本建制的全部哲学,亦即现代形而上学。对主体哲学之具有决定性意义的批判始于马克思,这一批判洞穿了作为现代形而上学之基本建制的意识的内在性,从而在瓦解这一“主体性立足点”的同时使现代形而上学本身趋于终结。而马克思在主体哲学批判中获得表述的语言概念,不仅有力地揭示了始终被“我思”这样一种主体性遮蔽起来的意识的存在特性,而且积极地开启了一种具有划时代意义的存在秩序和存在领域。在这个意义上,马克思的主体哲学批判切近地预示了当代哲学的语言学转向。

The linguistic turn in contemporary philosophy is closely related to the course of the criticism of subject philosophy. The so-caUed subject philosophy, namely, the modem metaphysics means all the philosophy that ＂cogito＂ or ＂self-consciousness＂ is the fundamental framework. Marx carried out the first crucial critique of subject philosophy, which disintegrated the internality of consciousness as the fundamental framework of modern metaphysics, and by the overthrow of this ＂standpoint of subjectivity＂ simultaneously pushed modern metaphysics itself towards the end. The concept of language formulated in Marx＇s critique of subject philosophy, not only effectively reveals the ontological character of consciousness which always was concealed by the subjectivity as ＂cogito＂, but also actively opens an ontological domain and system which has an epoch-marking significance. We think, therefore, Marx＇s critique of subject philosophy foreshows the linguistic turn in contemporary philosophy.