先锋小说中的“文革”叙事——以《黄泥街》《一九八六年》为例

On narration of “Cultural Revolution” in novels by avant-garde writers

从社会学的角度解读余华、残雪的早期小说代表作品,可看出先锋作家以对意识形态的逃离为其文学追求的起点,但并没有彻底放弃讲述历史的冲动。其中对“文革”历史的片断记忆、高度抽象、变形与浓缩,跳出了伤痕、反思文学的既有模式;由“人民”话语到“国民”话语的转换,则症候性地对应了1980年代后期主体性和新启蒙文化语境。同时,这种既讲述历史素材又放弃对历史深度追求的矛盾,显现出1980年代中后期的“文革”叙事困境,但它们在文学语言、形式转向的契机下,恰好找到了一个正当乃至优越的文学观念性的依据。

An analysis from the sociological angle of some early novels by Yu Hua and Can Xue leads to the following conclusion: the avant-garde writers still had the desire to tell about history though they established themselves by writing literature without ideological involvement. Their abstract, concentrated and unique way of accounting the “Cultural Revolution” makes their works rid of the model of “trauma” literature; the conversion from the discourse of “the people” to the discourse of “the public” corresponds to the subject consciousness and the discourse of new enlightenment culture in the late period of 1980s. While the contradiction of accounting historical background without deliberating it reflects the dilemma in the narration of the “Cultural Revolution”, the transition of literal language and form provides their expression with a foundation for a justified and even excellent literal conception.