清末民初北京口语中的话题标记——以100多年前几部域外汉语教材为例

Topic markers in Beijing dialect during the period between the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China

本文选择清末至民国初年几部外国人学习北京口语的教材，重点讨论其中北京口语的话题句，考察话题专用标记的分布、结构作用等。今天北京口语中引进话题的多种手段，从虚词性成分、语序、半虚化成分到实词性成分等，在早期北京话口语教材中已经运用，且特点基本一致，它从一个侧面揭示了北京口语中话题的语法化过程以及句子的话语化特征。但早期北京口语教材中的话题句结构形式相对而言比较简单：一些特殊类型的话题句几乎见不到，话题和话题结构的语法化程度不高，拷贝式话题类型中的重复式、同位式话题结构句少见。

This paper mainly discusses the topic sentences in Beijing dialect during the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China and examines the distribution, structure and usage of specific topic markers in these sentences. To achieve this end, it choses examples from a series of Chinese textbooks for foreign learners based on Beijing dialect published then. In this paper, it is believed that the texts in those textbooks mainly in the form of dialogues can objectively reflect the status quo of the Beijing dialect of that time, when topic sentences were commonly used. It is found that various ways of introducing topics in today's Beijing dialect, such as functional components, word order, semi-functional components and notional components, etc. were already used in those textbooks which share almost the same usages and characteristics. In an indirect way, this shows the grammaticalization of topics and sentences in Beijing dialect. However, it is noted that the structure of topic sentences in those textbooks is rather simple: some special types of topic sentences can hardly be found, the degree of grammaticalization of topics and topic structures is low and repetition topic sentences as well as appositive topic sentences are rather rare.