明代地方城市的“坊”——以江西省府、县城为中心

The “Fang(Square)” in Local Cities in the Ming Dynasty——A Discussion Centre on Fu(Prefecture) and Xian(District) Cities in Jiangxi Province

本文主要论述唐宋坊市制崩溃以后,明代地方城市中“坊”之情形。明代地方志所记之“坊”,有牌坊、街坊、乡坊和坊图四种不同涵义。牌坊为旌表建筑物,街坊为居民居住区,乡坊之“坊”是人文地理概念,指城内外一定地理区域,坊图之“坊”等同于里、图。作为“地域实体”的街坊,其形态已不同于唐宋时期的坊市,表现为开放式的条形街区,而不是封闭的方形区域;城外街区亦得称“坊”;坊的数目增多,其规模较小。街坊与城市里甲密切相关,是城市里图区划的基本依据。

This article discussed the Fang of local cities in the Ming dynasty after the urban Li-Fang system in Tang and Song dynasty had broken. According to the local records and archives, Fang could be sorted into such four categories as torii, lane, sub-district and ward. Torii was a kind of structure erected for commemorating and praising someone. Lane was a living area. Sub-district was a human geographic concept, which referred to a certain region in or out of the walled cities. Ward was equal to Li-Tu of li-Jia system. As an objective geographic existence, the appearance of lane was no longer a sealed four-square region but an opening long narrow area. The streets out of the walled cities were also called Fang. The number of Fang grew up, while the dimensions diminished.Finally, Jie-Fang was the important grounds of Li--Tu subdivision, which was interrelated with Li -Jia.