蝎尾蕉的引种栽培研究

The Introduction and Cultivation of Heliconia in South China Botanical Garden

中国科学院华南植物园自20世纪80年代从国外引种蝎尾蕉科(Heliconiaceae)植物,至2002年已引种66次,共38个种类(包括种、品种和杂交种等),其中能正常开花的有31个种和品种。通过多年的栽培、繁殖试验和调查观察表明,冬季低温是限制蝎尾蕉引种成功的关键气候因子。不同的种类完成生长发育所需时间不同,最长时间的富红蝎尾蕉(Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen)从吸芽开始萌发至开花需要13-15个月,最短时间的火红蝎尾蕉(H.densifloraVerlot cv.Fire Flash)仅需3-4个月。不同种类的个体花期差异亦非常明显,假日蝎尾蕉(H.angusta Vellozo cv.Holiday)单株花期长达6个月,在所引种的蝎尾蕉中花期最长,其余花期大多为1-3个月。大多数种类具有较高的园林或经济价值,其中黄苞蝎尾蕉(H.latispatha Benth.cv.Orange Gyro)、金咀蝎尾蕉(H.rostrata Ruiz&Pavon)、富红蝎尾蕉、翠鸟蝎尾蕉(H.hirsuta L.f.cv.Darrell)、扇形蝎尾蕉(H.librata Griggs)、假日蝎尾蕉和狭叶蝎尾蕉(H.aurantiaca Ghiesbr.exLem.)可直接应用于广州地区的园林建设上或露天栽培以生产切花。

Heliconia plants including 38 taxa were introduced to South China Botanical Garden in the early 1980s from Australia and in 1997 to 1999 from Thailand, Australia, Singapore, the United States, etc. This paper presents the growth, phenological phase and cold resistance of heliconias introduced. Results of the cultivation showed that Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen had longest growth period lasting 13 to 15 months from budding to blooming, while H. densiflora Vedot cv. Fire Flash lasted only 3 to 4 months. The longest flowering period （with more than 6 months） was observed in individual H. angusta Vellozo cv. Holiday. Most heliconias had flowering time of 1 to 3 months only. Many heliconias could be used as good materials for cut flowers, such as H. latispatha Bentham cv. Orange Gyro, H. rostrata Ruiz ＆ Pavon, H. bourgaeana Petersen, H. hirsuta L. f. cv. Darrell, H. aurantiaca Ghiesbreght ex Lemaire, H. librata Griggs, etc. A list of introduced heliconias taxa with phenological phases and cold resistance under Guangzhou conditions is tabulated.