我国自然保护区建设中的环境剥夺问题

Study on the Environmental Deprivation in the Establishment of Chinese Natural Reserve System

近年来我国各地大量增长的自然保护区实质上是一种环境剥夺现象。受环境考核体系与推行可持续发展战略需要,加大自然保护区建设力度是地方政府能够采取的比较成熟的环境保护手段。但是,通过博弈模型,可以推导出,受地方财政刚性预算约束,政府在地方自然保护区建设与管理中不能对环境区原有居民落实各项补偿,也难以投入必需的保护性管理费用。于是,在自然保护区管理中,保护区居民与管理机构之间博弈形成的纳什均衡是:居民违反有关规定,尽可能延续以往开发利用环境资源的经济活动,以抗衡自然保护区建设对他们“靠山吃山、靠水吃水”经济模式的压制;管理机构则实施开发性管理,以求自身努力,增加经济收入以保障自然保护区各项基础研究和管理活动。由于经营活动迎合了增加地方财政收入的地方政府经济发展目标,因此,在目前的自然保护区建设中普遍存在各种形式的开发性经营管理活动。但是,由于一些制度缺陷,在这种开发性管理战略中,一些环境区变相为政府权力支配下的环境资源,并借用可持续开发管理名义进一步转变成为某些地方机构与组织的私有环境资产。其后果是使自然保护区制度偏离了政策目标,也使环境区居民丧失了传统的环境支撑作用。对此论点,研究通过对近十年地方自然保护区建设数量的情况分析予以了经验验证。

The article indicates that natural reserves are quickly increasing in number all over China recently is an environmental deprivation. In view of the need to establish an environmental protection goal examination system and a sustainable development strategy promoted by the central government, local governments attach more importance to building the natural reserve system. However, through the game model, the article deduces that because of the limit of budget, the local government could not pay enough compensation to dwellers and the management cost supporting the foundational research and management activities, so Nash Equilibrium in the natural reserve management is that the dwellers maintain their traditional economic model of exploiting environmental resources, which often violate the reserve management rules and laws, and natural reserve management bureaus employ some business organizations to exploit environmental resources to increase their earnings. Because the exploitive management model could increase the local financial revenue, so all kinds of management model of exploitative protection have been takien in practice all over China in the natural reserve system. However, because of some institutional faults, the environmental districts have be come environmental resources governed by the local governments in the exploitive management strategy, and the environmental assets in charged by some bureaucracies or some organizations in name of the sustainable management, which causes the natural reserve system to deviate from the policy target, and the dwellers lose their environmental support function. To support the topic above, the article experimentally analyses the number of the natural reserves built by the local governments in the recent 10 year.