基于法律原则的裁判

Adjudication According to Legal Principles

基于法律原则的裁判需依次解决以下三个问题:如何识别与个案相关的法律原则;如何处理原则与规则的适用关系,或者说在何种情况下,允许裁判者依据法律原则得出判决;如何解决原则之间的冲突问题,亦即能否籍由原则权衡获取法律上的“唯一正解”。现有的裁判理论对这三个问题作了不同回应,但欠缺可靠的操作程式。究其根源,是因为原则裁判的实质,是裁判者在规则穷尽之际,选择并依据法律体系内的价值判断为个案判决提供合理化论证;然而一旦涉及到价值判断,裁判就有主观、恣意和片面的可能。

The adjudication according to legal principles needs to resolve three problems one by one： how to identify the involved legal principles; how to decide the priority of the application between rules and principles, i. e. in what a case can the judge ignore the rules and make the decision according to principles; how to resolve the conflicts between legal principles, in other words, whether the judge can get the ＂ exclusively right answer＂ by balancing the related principles. To solve .these problems, contemporary theories of judicial decision- making have offered respective answers, but none of them contains reliable operational approaches and instructions. Their failures originate in the essence of adjudication according to principles that when the rules are exhausted, judges will make use of some inherent value judgments of the legal system to offer rationalized reasons for their decisions. Yet once the value judgments enter into the adjudication, the decision will probably become subjective, arbitrary and incomprehensive.