民事诉讼非法证据的排除

The Exclusion of Illegal Civil Evidences

民事诉讼非法证据排除规则在适用中有三个程序问题需要解决——依当事人申请排除还是由法官依职权排除,合法性发生争议时证明责任由哪一方当事人负担,法院在诉讼中的哪个阶段做出排除与否的决定。民事诉讼的根本目的是在发现真实的基础上适用实体法规则解决纠纷,为实现此根本目的,同时也为了与诉讼效率、程序安定的目标相协调,宜设置当事人对合法性提出质疑后法院再来审查证据是否合法取得,合法性发生争议时由异议者对收集证据的非法性负证明责任,排除非法证据的决定在对各种相关权益和因素进行权衡后的判决阶段做出的程序规则。应当采用利益衡量的方法决定是否排除非法证据,并据此对非法证据排除规则进行重构。

There are three procedural problems to be settled in the application of the rule of the exclusion of illegal civil evidences, i.e. , the evidence should be excluded upon the application of the parties or upon the authorities of the judges; who should assume the burden of providing evidence in terms of their legality; in which stage the court should make the judgment deciding the exclusion of illegal evidences. The fundamental purpose of civil litigation is to apply substantive rules to settle the disputes based on the finding of truth. In order to realize this purpose and to coordinate the litigation efficiency and the stability of procedures, it will be more appropriate for the court to review the evidence when parties challenge its legality. The decision of excluding the illegal evidences should be made after balancing the related interests and other elements. And the party who challenges the legality of the evidence should assume the burden of proving it. Generally, we should adopt the methodology of interests balancing to decide whether to exclude the evidence, and accordingly to reconstruct the rules of the exclusion of illegal evidences.