十九世纪早期俄国官僚制度与官僚阶层问题述论

Review of Russian Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic stratum in Early 19th Century

俄国官僚制度发端于彼得一世,正式形成于亚历山大一世时期,至尼古拉一世时已臻于成熟。除此之外,俄国官僚制度在19世纪还在内容和性质上发生了重要变化,主要表现为官僚阶层社会构成的变化,教育水平的提高和职业模式的变化。19世纪俄国官僚制度已发展成一个专业化的、自我衍生的组织体系。正是依靠相对成熟的官僚制度,亚历山大二世才完成了“大改革”。

Russian Bureaucracy originated from the reign of Peter the Great and came into being in the period of Alexander Ⅰ. It was mature during the reign of Nicholas Ⅰ. Meanwhile, it had changed in terms of the content and nature in the nineteenth century. The change of it lied in the change of social group, the change of the advance of educational level and the change of promotion of official rank. Therefore, it had become a professional and self-developed system. Under such circumstances, Alexander Ⅱ completed the ＂Great Reforms＂ by enlightened bureaucrats