目前遗传资源和传统知识法律保护机制国际探索的成就与不足——评CBD事先知情同意机制和FAO农民权机制

The Success and Weakness of the International Protection System to the Present GR and TK-On the prior informed consent system of CBD and the farmer's rights system of FAO

传统知识是长期以来传统部族在长期的生产生活实践中创造出来的知识、技术、经验的总称,是一种知识形态和知识产品。CBD等国际组织对遗传资源及有关传统知识的保护进行了多年的探索,在保护机制上取得了一定的创新。CBD开创的事先知情同意机制和FAO开创的农民权机制为其代表。两种机制均在物权层面设计了遗传资源及有关传统知识的保护规则,但前者具有较强的保障力,后者基本上还是一种道义意义上的权利。但只有提供知识产权保护方能充分实现传统部族在传统知识上的利益。

Traditional Knowledge （TK） is all the knowledge, technique and experience that the traditional tribes have created in their long process of production, and it is a kind of intellectual product. International organizations like CBD have probed so many years for the protection of GR and TK, and have made some progress in the systems of the protection of GR and TK, such as the prior informed consent system of CBD and the farmer right system of FAO. They have provided some rules for the protection of GR and TK, but the former owns some enforceable power and the latter is essentially some moral fights. Yet, only by providing intellectual property rights can we realize the interests that the traditional tribes owned on their TK.