晚明“山人”与晚明士风——以陈眉公为主线

Shan Ren and ethos of scholars in late Ming Dynasty --Take Chen Meigong as The Clue to Analyze

晚明“山人”与传统“山人”已有了本质区别,其“山人习气”在晚明就颇受物议,故此明末清初的大多数文人都不愿直称负有清望的陈眉公为“山人”,但陈眉公的“山人”身份却是毋庸讳言的。不仅如此,他事实上还是晚明“山人”中的领袖人物,是晚明“山人”“竞述”的对象。但陈眉公毕竟又与普通“山人”有诸多不同之处:陈眉公的生活方式虽然亦游亦隐,但以“隐”为主,其“游”也非主动出游;陈眉公主动捐弃诸生而为“山人”,与一般诸生被迫放弃举业而成为“山人”略有不同;陈眉公的安贫乐道的处世态度、淡薄名利的价值观在晚明“山人”中也是颇有独特性的。作为个体的陈眉公与作为群体的晚明“山人”同而不同,“不同”是陈眉公在晚明享高名的根由,而“同”则使他在清乾隆朝以后备遭恶谥。

There is a huge difference between Shan Ren in late Ming Dynasty and the traditional type Shan Ren in history. Since the habit energies of Shan Ren are publicly condemned in late Ming Dynasty, the well-known and respected Chen Meigong is not recognized as Shan Ren by the majority of his peer scholars. Nevertheless, Chen Meigong has undoubtedly been a representative of Shan Ren. In truth, he is the well praised and followed leader of all Shan Ren at that time. But Chen Meigong definitely is not an ordinary Shan Ren. Though he lives his life either traveling or secluding, he spends most of his time in seclusion and only travels when forced to. Slightly unlike Zhu Sheng who give up their chance of taking up the official jobs, Chen Meigong abandons the Zhu Sheng group to become Shan Ren. And it is his contentment with life and ideology without seeking fame that makes him unique from all Shah Ren in late Ming Dynasty. As an individual, Chen Meigong shares both similarities and differences with the whole Shan Ren group. The differences are the reason why he is highly praised in late Ming Dynasty, while the similarities lead him to serious criticism and slander after Qian Long era.